This is the first page ("A-Z") of a topic index in alphabetic order of my posts to this my The Shroud of Turin blog. This topic index will complement the date order "Index to this blog's posts." I will continue adding to this topic index in the background, working forwards from my first 30 June 2007 post"Introduction to my The Shroud of Turin (TSoT) blog!," identifying topics and linking back to index posts where those topics occur. As the alphabetic list of topics increases, I will split this and subsequent posts into "A-M,""N-Z," etc.

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [L] [N] [P] [R] [S] [T] [V] [W] [X]

A [top]
Acetta, August: 29Oct07
Allen, Nicholas: 13Jul07
Archbishops: of Turin: Poletto, Severino: 01Dec07

B [top]
Ball, Philip: 01Dec07
bas relief: 21Jul07
blood: 21Jul07
book (my online): "The Shroud of Turin": 06Aug07, 09Aug07, 11Aug07, 30Oct07, 02Nov07, 06Nov07, 09Nov07, 14Nov07, 18Nov07, 24Nov07, 26Nov07

C [top]
camera obscura: 13Jul07
Christianity: 30Jun07
Christians: 09Oct07
coins over eyes: 01Dec07
crucifixion: 06Nov07

D [top]
Delage, Yves: 25Jul07
Danin, Avinoam: 08Aug07
Dayvault, Philip: 09Oct07
de Charny, Geoffroy: 29Oct07
de Molay, Jacques: 29Oct07
della Rovere, Giovanni: 06Aug07

E [top]
exhibitions: 29Jul07, 29Oct07, 01Dec07
expositions: 2010: 01Dec07

F [top]
flower & plant images: 01Dec07
fluorescence: 21Jul07
Flury-Lemberg, Mechthild: 29Sep07.
forger: 25Jul07

G [top]
Goska, Danusha: 09Oct07
Green, Maurus: 25Jul07
Gundelia tournefortii: 08Aug07
Guscin, Mark: 08Aug07

H [top]
hot statue: 21Jul07

I [top]
icons: face: 9thC Catacomb of Pontianus: 29Sep07, 12thC Moscow: 24Aug07
invisible reweave theory: 29Sep07

J [top]
Jospice mattress imprint: 01Dec07

L [top]
Leonardo da Vinci: 06Jul07, 08Jul07, 13Jul07, 21Jul07, 27Jul07, 29Jul07
Loken, John: 29Sep07.

N [top]
naturalism: 30Jun07
negative: 25Jul07, 27Jul07
ninth C: icon: Catacomb of Pontianus 29Sep07
non-directional: 21Jul07
non-traditional: nails: 06Nov07

P [top]
painting: 27Jul07
Picknett & Prince: 06Jul07, 08Jul07, 27Jul07
photography: 13Jul07
Polarized Image Overlay: 08Aug07, 01Dec07
pollen: 08Aug07
Pope: Benedict XVI: 24Aug07

R [top]
radiocarbon dating: pollen: 30Jun07, 24Aug07, 09Oct07, 29Oct07, 30Oct07; Sudarium of Oviedo: 08Aug07
radiocarbon dating 1988: medieval: 01Dec07; sample size: 29Jul07, 01Dec07
Reagan, Ronald. President: 29Jul07
replication: 21Jul07
resurrection, of Jesus: 08Jul07, 29Sep07.
Rogers, Ray: 29Sep07.

S [top]
Schwortz, Barrie: 09Oct07
scorch: 21Jul07
serum albumin: 27Jul07
Shroud News: 2007: 29Jul07, 29Sep07, 09Oct07, 29Oct07, 01Dec07
Sistine chapel: 09Oct07
STURP: 09Oct07
Sudarium of Oviedo: 08Aug07
superficial: 21Jul07, 27Jul07.

T [top]
Templars: 29Oct07
Templecombe: 29Oct07
three-dimensional: 21Jul07
Tipler, Frank: 29Sep07
twelfth C: icon: Moscow 24Aug07

V [top]
Vignon, Paul: 25Jul07, Vignon markings: 25Jul07

W [top]
Whanger, Allan & Mary: 08Aug07, 01Dec07

X [top]
xrays: 29Oct07, 01Dec07

Created: 29 June 2015. Updated: 29 June 2015.

Introduction. This is the first installment of part #10, Summary (10), of my theory that the radiocarbon dating laboratories were duped by a computer hacker. See the previous parts #10(1), #10(2), #10(3), #10(4), #10(5), #10(6), #10(7), #10(8) and #10(9). Other previous posts in this series were parts #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8 and #9, which posts this part #10 will summarise. It is my emphasis below unless otherwise indicated.

[Above: "Sergei [or Sergey] Markov in February 2012"[2]. The Soviet official who the German hackers (including Koch) sold their hacked secrets to was a "Sergei Markov":

"For both Dob [Dirk-Otto Brezinski] and Carl [Peter Carl] it became apparent after an hour or so of being questioned that Pengo [Hans Heinrich Hübner] and Hagbard [Karl Koch] had gone to the authorities. Eventually, both of them confessed to espionage. But they weren't to be accorded the same leniency that Markus Hess got. ... Both were taken into custody. ... prosecutor Kohlhaas ... saw his case strengthen when, during the search of Carl's apartment, a Casio pocket calculator was found. It contained the telephone number for one Sergei Markov"[3].

The Sergey Markov in the photo above has been described as "Putin's man"[4]. In 2009 this "Sergei Markov" admitted to being behind a hacking cyber-attack on Estonia [5, 6]. While I can as yet find no evidence that this Sergey (or Sergei) Markov was a former KGB agent (he need not have been), I assume that he is the "Sergei Markov" who was the Soviet Union's point of contact with the German "KGB hackers" which included Karl Koch[7].

To be continued in the second installment of this part #10, Summary (10).

Notes
1. This post is copyright. No one may copy from this post or any of my posts on this my The Shroud of Turin blog without them first asking and receiving my written permission. Except that I grant permission, without having to ask me, for anyone to copy the heading and one paragraph only (including one associated graphic) of any of my posts, provided that if they repost it on the Internet a link to my post from which it came is included. See my post of May 8, 2014. [return]
2. "Sergey Alexandrovich Markov," Wikipedia, 15 April 2015. [return]
3. Hafner, K. & Markoff, J., 1991, "Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier," Corgi: London, reprinted, 1993, pp.292-293. [return]
4. "Putin's Man Warns Finland About NATO Membership and Russophobia,"Finbay, 9 June 2014. [return]
5. Coalson, R., 2009, "Russia admits to Cyber Attack on Estonia,"La Russophobe, March 9. [return]
6. Leyden, J., 2009, "Russian politician: 'My assistant started Estonian cyberwar',"The Register, 10 March. [return]
7. Hafner & Markoff, 1991, p.293. [return]

Created: 30 June 2015. Updated: 30 June 2015.

I often state that, "the evidence is overwhelming that the Shroud is authentic!" - because it's true! So here is part #1 of a multi-part series of posts with that heading. I will link back to this page whenever I make that statement in future.

[Above (enlarge): Secondo Pia's 1898 negative photograph of the Shroud face[2], which because it is a photographic positive, proved that the Turin Shroud image is a photographic negative[3, 4, 5]. See further under future "History of the Shroud.]

[Next: #2. Introduction]

1. Introduction (#2)
2. The man on the Shroud
3. Other images and marks on the Shroud
4. Bible & the Shroud
5. History of the Shroud
6. Archaeology & the Shroud
7. Art & the Shroud
8. Science & the Shroud
9. Sudarium of Oviedo
10. Image formation theories
11. Problems of the forgery theory
12. Objections
13. Conclusion

Problem of the forgery theory. Since the only practically possible alternative to the Shroud being authentic is that it was created by a medieval or earlier artist/forger[6, 7, 8, 9], but photographic negativity was unknown until the early 19th century[10], this alone is proof beyond reasonable doubt that the Shroud is authentic! I will keep track of these problems of the forgery theory in my Topic Index, under "forgery theory, problems" and present them together under the future topic, "Problems of the forgery theory."

Notes
1. This post is copyright. Permission is granted to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name (e.g. "Jones, S.E."), its subject heading, its date, and a link back to this post (if posted on the Internet). [return]
2. "Holy Face of Jesus," Wikipedia, 7 February 2015. [return]
3. McNair, P., 1978, "The Shroud and History: Fantasy, Fake or Fact?," in Jennings, P., ed., "Face to Face with the Turin Shroud," Mayhew-McCrimmon: Great Wakering UK, pp.26-27. [return]
4. O'Rahilly, A. & Gaughan, J.A., ed., 1985, "The Crucified," Kingdom Books: Dublin, pp.46-47. [return]
5. Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY, pp.34-35. [return]
6. Thurston, H., S.J., 1903, "The Holy Shroud and the Verdict of History,"The Month, CI, January, pp.17-29, p.19, in Wuenschel, E.A., 1954, "Self-Portrait of Christ: The Holy Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Third printing, 1961, p.40. [return]
7. Walsh, J.E., 1963, "The Shroud," Random House: New York NY, pp.x-xii. [return]
8. Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI, p.128. [return]
9. Schafersman, S.D., 1982, "Science, the public, and the Shroud of Turin,"The Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. 6, No. 3, Spring, pp.37-56, p.42, in Nickell, J., 1987, "Inquest on the Shroud of Turin," [1983], Prometheus Books: Buffalo NY, Revised, Reprinted, 2000, p.141. [return]
10. "History of photography: Development of chemical photography," Wikipedia, 8 June 2015. [return]

Created 8 July 2015. Updated 13 July 2015.

This is the "Introduction," part #2, of my series, "The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is authentic!" This page is a

[Above: The Face of the Man on the Shroud[2]

"`Were those the lips that spoke the Sermon on the Mount and the Parable of the Rich Fool?'; `Is this the Face that is to be my judge on the Last Day?'"[3].]

PS: I have just discovered that Google has its own url shortener which I will use from now on in place of TinyUrl. Apart from it being less likely that Google will go out of business than TinyUrl thus leaving my TinyUrl links non-operational, GoogleUrl includes a Google Analytics page showing where I have used each GoogleUrl. I only recently changed over to Google Analytics after SiteMeter started malfunctioning, and I am very happy with it.

[Previous: #1. Main index] [Next: #3. Dimensions]

2. Introduction
1. Dimensions (#3)
2. Weave
3. Selvedge
4. Sidestrip

To be continued in part #3.

Notes
1. This post is copyright. Permission is granted to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a link back to this post (if posted on the Internet). [return]
2. "Shroud University - Exploring the Mystery Since 33 A.D.," Shroud of Turin Education Project, Inc., Peachtree City, GA. [return]
3. Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London, p.189. [return]

Posted 9 July 2015. Updated 15 July 2015.

This is the sixth and final installment of "Dimensions," part #3, of my series, "The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is authentic!"

[Main index] [Previous: #2. Introduction] [Next: #4. Weave]

2. Introduction
1. Dimensions

[Above (enlarge): Shroud Scope photo with my 8 x 2 grid overlay showing that the Shroud divides evenly into 8 squares, each 437/8 = ~54.6 cm (~21.5 in.) x 111/8 = ~55.5 cm (~21.8 in.) [See below that the Shroud's true dimensions are 437 x 111 cms.] And as we shall see, the length of each square, ~54.6 cm. or ~21.5 in., is only 0.3 cm. or 0.1 in. less than the standard Assyrian cubit of ~54.9 cm or ~21.6 in. And the width of each square is only ~0.6 cm. or ~0.2 in. more than that Assyrian cubit. But the width of the Shroud has probably been increased slightly more than 2 cubits by the cutting and rejoining of the sidestrip.]

Ian Dickinson: 14 ft 3 in. x 3 ft 7 in. = ~8 x 2 cubits! In 1989, an expert in early Syriac, Ian Dickinson, of Canterbury, England, realised that these measurements of the Shroud were approximately 8 x 2 of the Assyrian standard cubit of between 21.4 and 21.6 inches, which was the common unit of lineal measurement in Jesus' day:

"Along these same lines has been a study of the shroud's dimensions as recently made by an expert in early Syriac, Ian Dickinson, from Canterbury, England[4]. Curious at the shroud's, by British units of measurement, anomalous 14 foot 3 inch by 3 foot 7 inch overall size, Dickinson wondered if these dimensions might make more sense if converted to the cubit measure as prevailing in Jesus's time. Establishing that the first-century Jewish cubit was most likely to the Assyrian standard, reliably calculated at between 21.4 and 21.6 inches, Dickinson found that if he chose the lower of these measures there was an astonishing correlation, accurate to the nearest half-inch:

	Length of Turin shroud		14 feet 3 inches
	8 cubits at 21.4 inches		14 feet 3 inches
	Width of Turin shroud		3 feet 7 inches
	2 cubits at 21.4 inches		3 feet 7 inches

Such conformity to an exact 8 by 2 Jewish cubits is yet another piece of knowledge difficult to imagine of any medieval forger. It also correlates perfectly with the `doubled in four' arrangement by which we hypothesized the shroud to have been once folded and mounted as the `holy face' of Edessa [see Tetradiplon and the Shroud of Turin], for the exposed facial area of this latter would have been an exact 1 by 2 Jewish cubits"[5].

The Standard Assyrian cubit was 21.6 inches. During the 19th century the archaeological pioneer, Sir Flinders Petrie (1853–1942) and Assyriologist Julius Oppert (1825–1905), from many measurements of ancient buildings in Babylon, found the length of the Assyrian cubit to

[Above: Page 67 of "Inductive Metrology: Or, The Recovery of Ancient Measures from the Monuments," by William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1877)[6].]

be almost 21.5 inches, since refined by other archaeologists to be 21.6 ±0.2 inches[7]. According to page 67 of Petrie's book above, he himself accepted 21.60 inches as the mean length of the Assyrian cubit.

Mechthild Flury-Lemberg: 437 x 111 cms. In 1998, ancient textiles conservator, Mechthild Flury-Lemberg, determined the true

[Above: From left to right: Swiss textiles expert Mechthild Flury-Lemberg, Sister Maria Clara Antonini of the Poor Clare nuns and Don Giuseppe Ghiberti, Turin diocesan official in charge of the 1998 Shroud exposition, finish preparing the Turin Shroud on April 16 for display to the public on Sunday April 19, 1998[8].]

"The first speaker was Dr. Mechthild Flury-Lemberg, a former curator of the Abegg Foundation textile museum, Switzerland, whose theme was 'The Shroud fabric, its technical and archaeological characteristics'. It was Dr. Flury-Lemberg who, immediately prior to the 1998 exposition, had the task of preparing the Shroud for its display and housing in the new three ton Italgas container constructed for it, working side by side with Sister Maria Clara Antonini of the Poor Clares. Because the plate for the new container had been made slightly too small, Dr. Flury-Lemberg gained permission to remove the blue surround that had been sewed on in the 19th century. The intention behind this surround had been to save the Shroud from the repeated handling at the edges to which they had been subjected throughout the long centuries when it was the custom to hold it up before the populace. However, the surround had ever since prevented examination of the same edges, thereby hindering totally accurate calculation of its dimensions. Now the dimensions have been authoritatively determined by Dr. Flury-Lemberg as 437 cm long by 111 cm wide."[9]

The Shroud's 437 x 111 cms dimensions are exactly 8 x 2 cubits! The Shroud's 437 x 111 cms dimensions are, to the nearest centimetre, exactly 8 x 2 Assyrian standard cubits of 21.6 inches!

[Above: Table showing that the 1998 437 x 111 cms true dimensions of the Shroud are even more exactly 8 x 2 Assyrian standard cubits of 21.6 inches than the 14 ft 3 in. x 3 ft 7 in. pre-1998 measurements were.]

And again, the Assyrian standard cubit was the international measure of commerce prevailing in Jesus's time, including among the Jews:

"So there were cubits for Temple use, and various other applications, but it is a particular cubit of the market place that is connected with the Shroud, the cubit that is known as the Assyrian cubit: the widely used, indeed, international standard of that time for merchants of the Near East, and had been so for centuries. This cubit of commerce was carried with the lingua communis, the language of trade and diplomacy that stretched from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean, the tongue that had become the common language of the Jew. Aramaic: the same language which Jesus spoke. Aramaic had been the communication medium of the Assyrian Empire and Israel had been a subject of Assyria."[10]

Dietz & Zaccone, 2002: 442 x 113 cms (average). During the Shroud's 2002 restoration, the Shroud was measured again by historians Karlheinz Dietz and Gian Maria Zaccone:

"During the 2002 restoration, various length measurements of the Shroud were taken by Karlheinz Dietz and Gian Maria Zaccone: 441.5 cm for the right length, and 442.5 cm for the left length. The bottom width is 113.0 cm and the top width is 113.7 cm. These values were reported in Sindone 2002, Mechthild Flury-Lemberg, 2003, editor ODPF [Opera Diocesana Preservazione Della Fede]... "[11]

[Above: As can be seen in the table above, when Dietz and Zaccone's separate right and left, top and bottom, dimensions of the Shroud are averaged, to the nearest centimetre, the Shroud's dimensions are still the equivalent of 8 x 2 (8.06 x 2.07) Assyrian cubits!]

Lemberg did, to the nearest centimetre, the Shroud still measures the equivalent of 8 x 2 Assyrian cubits!

Problem for the forgery theory. This is another (see #1) major problem for the medieval (or earlier) forgery theory since a medieval artist/forger would be most unlikely to know the length of the standard cubit of Jesus' day, as this was only discovered by archaeologists in the 19th century (see above). Although the Bible mentions cubits (e.g. Gn 6:15; Ex 25:10; Mt 6:27, etc) it does not say how long they were. For example, three of my pre-19th century Bible commentaries, written by very learned scholars, commenting on Genesis 6:15, the first mention of "cubit" in the Bible:

"And this is how you shall make it: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, its width fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits."

And it is also unlikely that such a forger would bother trying to obtain a first century Syrian or Palestinian fine linen sheet of those dimensions, when his contemporaries would not appreciate his diligence and would be satisfied with far less:

"Also is it not rather incredible that this unknown individual [the medieval forger] should have gone to so much trouble and effort to deceive in an age in which, as twentieth-century journalists have reminded us, a large proportion of the populace would have been very easily duped by a feather of the Archangel Gabriel or a phial of the last breath of St Joseph?"[15]

"Such conformity to an exact 8 by 2 Jewish cubits is yet another piece of knowledge difficult to imagine of any medieval forger."[16]

"But let them not forget the cubit. As Ian Dickinson has shown us the Shroud measures exactly two by eight of the Palestinian cubit, which was not in general use in the fourteenth century. One might accept a coincidence if the whole number of cubits was in one direction, but surely not in both?"[17]

So even the dimensions of the Shroud are evidence beyond reasonable doubt of it's authenticity!

To be continued in part #4, "Weave".

Notes
1. This post is copyright. Permission is granted to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a link back to this post (if posted on the Internet). [return]
2. E.g. Wuenschel, E.A., 1954, "Self-Portrait of Christ: The Holy Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Third printing, 1961, pp.22-23; Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition, p.21; Drews, R., 1984, "In Search of the Shroud of Turin: New Light on Its History and Origins," Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham MD, p.11. [return]
3. "convert foot, inch to centimeters; centimeters to foot, inch," ManuelsWeb.com, 2009. [return]
4. Dickinson, I., 1990, "The Shroud and the Cubit Measure,"British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter, No. 24, January, pp.8-11. [return]
5. Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London, p.181. return]
6. Petrie, W.M.F., 1877, "Inductive Metrology: Or, The Recovery of Ancient Measures from the Monuments," Cambridge University Press: Cambridge UK, Reprinted, 2013. Google books. [return]
7. Dickinson, 1990, p.10. [return]
8. Brkic, B., 2010, "Hitler had designs on the Shroud of Turin; Indiana Jones fans are not surprised,"Daily Maverick, 8 April. [return]
9. Wilson, I., 2000, "`The Turin Shroud - past, present and future', Turin, 2-5 March, 2000 - probably the best-ever Shroud Symposium,"British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter, No. 51, June. [return]
10. Dickinson, 1990, pp.10-11. [return]
11. Latendresse, M., 2006, "Length Measurements on the Shroud of Turin." [return]
12. Clarke A. & Earle R., ed., "Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Entire Bible," [1826], Baker: Grand Rapids MI, Single volume edition, 1967, p.28. [return]
13. Poole, M., "Commentary on the Holy Bible: Volume I: Genesis-Job," [1683], Banner of Truth: London, 1968, reprinted, p.18. [return]
14. Calvin, J., "A Commentary on Genesis," [1554], Banner of Truth: London, 1965, reprint, p.257. [return]
15. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, pp.59-60. [return]
16. Wilson, 1991, p.181. [return]
17. Clift, M., 1993, "Carbon dating - what some of us think now,"BSTS Newsletter, No. 33, February, pp.5-6, p.6. [return]

Posted 10 July 2015. Updated 15 July 2015.

This is the third installment of "Weave," being part #4 of my series, "The evidence is overwhelming that the Turin Shroud is authentic!"

[Main index] [Previous: #3. Dimensions] [Next: #5. Selvedge]

2. Introduction
2. Weave

[Above (original): The Shroud's weave, showing the twill (diagonal parallel ribs) combined with regular offset reversals, creating a herringbone (zigzag) effect: [2].]

twill[3].

Herringbone. A herringbone weave has a v-shaped or chevron pattern formed by regularly reversing with offset the width-wise woof (or weft) thread as it is drawn through the lengthwise warp[4]. The result is a broken zigzag pattern which resembles the skeleton of a herring fish[5].

Twill. A twill weave has a pattern of diagonal parallel ribs (in contrast to a satin or plain weave)[6]. This is done by passing the weft thread over one or more warp threads and then under two or more warp threads and so on, with a step or offset between rows to create a diagonal pattern[7]

[Above (enlarge): Image (top) and non-image sides of piece of Shroud sample not dated and retained by Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory[8], showing the Shroud's combined herringbone and twill weave (see next). Note that it obviously is not 60% or more contaminated with younger carbon, thus refuting all contamination with younger carbon theories, including a bioplastic coating and cotton from an invisible repair. This leaves "my theory that the radiocarbon dating laboratories were duped by a computer hacker" [#10(1)&#1] as the only remaining viable explanation of how the 1st century Shroud had a 13th-14th century radiocarbon date. See "Conventional explanations of the discrepancy all fail."]

The Shroud's herringbone 3:1 twill weave was formed by passing each weft thread alternately under three warp threads and over one[9].[Above: The Shroud's complex herringbone three-to-one twill weave (a) compared to a plain weave (b)[10].]

Each successive weft thread begins at an ascending point in the warp one thread earlier[11], the direction being reversed at regular intervals by repeating the process at a descending point, thus producing the diagonal "herringbone" pattern[12].

To be continued in the fourth installment of this part #4, "Weave".

Notes
1. This post is copyright. Permission is granted to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a hyperlink back to this post. [return]
2. Extract from Latendresse, M., 2010, "Shroud Scope: Durante 2002: Face Only Vertical," Sindonology.org. [return]
3. Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition, p.69; Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, p.68; Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London, pp.74-75. [return]
4. "Herringbone (cloth)," Wikipedia, 3 June 2015. [return]
5. Ibid. [return]
6. "Twill," Wikipedia, 7 July 2015. [return]
7. Ibid. [return]
8. Copied and cropped from Figure 1 in Schwortz, B.M., 2012, "Report on the STERA, Inc. - University of Arizona Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory Macro Photography - 30 August 2012,"Shroud.com. [return]
9. Wilson, 1979, p.68; Wilson, 1998, p.68; de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London, p.108. [return]
10. Wilson, 2010, p.75. [return]
11. Drews, R., 1984, "In Search of the Shroud of Turin: New Light on Its History and Origins," Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham MD, p.12. [return]
12. Wilson, 1979, p.69; Wilson, 1998, p.68. [return]

Posted 16 July 2015. Updated 18 July 2015.

This is page ("N-Z") of a topic index in alphabetic order of my posts to this my The Shroud of Turin blog. It was formerly page "A-Z" but it

[Right (enlarge): "The Entombment of Christ," (1181) by Nicholas of Verdun, Klosterneuburg Abbey, Vienna. Note that Jesus is wrapped in a double body length shroud, with his hands crossed awkwardly in front, exactly as on the Shroud (and on the Pray Codex (c. 1192)), 79 years before the earliest 1260 radiocarbon date!]

grew too large and so I split it off from now page "A-M." This topic index complements the date order "Index to this blog's posts." I will continue adding to these topic index pages in the background, working forwards from my first 30 June 2007 post, identifying topics and linking back to these index posts where those topics occur. This page is complete up to and including 08 Dec 09. When this page becomes too long, I will further split it, and subsequent topic index posts, into "N-S,""T-Z," etc.

[A-M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V]V] [W] [X] [Z]

N [top]
name index: 11Feb08(1), 11Feb08(2), 11Feb08(3), 15Feb08, 17Feb08, 24Feb08, 01Apr08
naturalism: 30Jun07, 12Feb08
Nature: 1989: 29Jul07, 12Feb08, 03Apr08
negative, photographic: 25Jul07, 27Jul07, 08Dec09
Nickell, Joe: 10Oct08
Nicodemus: 01Nov08
Nicholas of Verdun: 13Dec08
ninth century: Catacomb of Pontianus 29Sep07
Nitowski, Eugenia : 10Oct08
non-directional: 21Jul07, 08Oct09
non-traditional: nails: 06Nov07

O [top]
objections: Bible: idolatry: 12Apr08; one cloth: 26Jun08
off-topic: 03Aug07
othonia: 26Jun08
Oxford C14 laboratory: 12Feb08, 28Feb08, 03Apr08, 07Jun08

P [top]
painting?: not: 25Jun08
palynology: 26Nov08
photographs: 24Mar08
photography: 13Jul07, 14Jul09, 08Dec09
Pia, Secondo: 08Oct09
Picknett & Prince: 06Jul07, 08Jul07, 27Jul07, 01Nov08, 14Jul09
Piczek, Isabel: 14Jul09
pilgrim's badge: 14Jul09
plants: species: bloom March-April: 01Nov08; overlap: 01Nov08, 22Nov08
Polarized Image Overlay: 08Aug07, 01Dec07
pollen: 08Aug07, 26Nov08; Gundelia tournefortii: 22Jan08
Popes: Benedict XVI: 24Aug07, 15Jul08; John Paul II: 12Apr08
Pray codex: 03Apr08, 13Dec08, 08Oct09; poker holes: 03Apr08, 08Oct09

R [top]
radiation: 10Oct08
radiocarbon dating:
- anomalies: Lindow man: 10Oct08
- future: 15Jul08, 02Aug08
- pollen: 30Jun07, 24Aug07, 09Oct07, 29Oct07, 30Oct07, 22Jan08, 30Apr08, 15Jul08, 02Aug08
- Sudarium of Oviedo: 08Aug07, 26Jun08, 08Dec09
radiocarbon dating 1988:
- AD1350: 12Feb08; leaked: 12Feb08; leaker: Arizona: 12Feb08
- AD1260-1390: 12Feb08; 1260-1390!: 28Feb08, 03Apr08, 13Dec08
- carbon monoxide: 03Apr08, 07Jun08, 01Apr08
- collusion: 12Feb08
- contamination: 28Feb08, 10Oct08;
- cotton: 10Oct08
- fake: 13Dec08
- fire: 03Apr08
- flawed: 08Dec09
- fraud: 03Apr08
- medieval: 01Dec07, 12Feb08
- sample: dyed: 12Feb08; not representative: 12Feb08; size: 29Jul07, 01Dec07; postage stamp: 10Oct08
- wrong: 12Feb08, 28Feb08, 13Dec08
Raes' corner: 10Oct08
Ramsey, Christopher: 12Feb08, 28Feb08, 03Apr08, 07Jun08, 10Oct08
Reagan, Ronald. President: 29Jul07
replication: 21Jul07, 08Oct09
Riggi, Giovanni: 01Apr08
Reville, William: 10Oct08
Rogers, Ray: 29Sep07, 11Feb08, 12Feb08, 10Oct08, 13Dec08
Rolfe, David: 28Feb08
Roman Catholic Church: refuses to confirm Shroud authentic: 08Oct09; owned since 1983: 08Oct09

S [top]
Sanford, Walter: 01Nov08
Savoys: 14Jul09, 08Oct09
Schafersman, Steven: 03Apr08, 26Nov08, 08Dec09
Schwartz, Lillian: 14Jul09
Schwortz, Barrie: 09Oct07, 03Apr08
science: Shroud: 08Dec09
Science & Vie: 01Nov08
scorch: 21Jul07
serum albumin: 27Jul07
Shroud News (my): 2007: 29Jul07, 29Sep07, 09Oct07, 29Oct07, 01Dec07; 2008: 02Jan08, 22Mar08, 24Mar08, 03Apr08, 07Jun08
Shroud of Turin News: 2008: 10Oct08, 01Nov08, 13Dec08
shrouds: 07Jun08
Sistine chapel: 09Oct07
societies: 02Jan08
Soons, Petrus: 01Nov08, 07Nov08
soudarion: 26Jun08
spices: 01Nov08
St Catherine's, Sinai: 08Dec09
Stevenson, Kenneth: 17Jun08
studied: 03Apr08, 12Apr08, 17Jun08
STURP: 09Oct07, 01Apr08, 25Jun08
Sudarium of Oviedo: matches Shroud: 08Aug07, 17Jun08, 08Dec09
superficial: 21Jul07, 27Jul07.

T [top]
Templars: 29Oct07, 14Apr09
Templecombe: 29Oct07, 14Apr09
tenth century: 08Dec09
three-dimensional: 21Jul07, 21Jul09, 08Dec09
Tipler, Frank: 29Sep07
Tite, Michael: 28Feb08, 03Apr08, 13Dec08
Turin: Cathedral: 08Dec09; Shroud: since 1578: 08Oct09, 08Dec09
twelfth century: 24Aug07, 13Dec08

W [top]
Walsh, Bryan: 03Apr08
Whanger, Allan: 08Aug07, 01Dec07, 21Jul09
Wilson, Ian: 11Feb08
worship of?: 12Apr08
writing?: 01Nov08; Hebrew: 07Nov08

X [top]
xrays: 29Oct07, 01Dec07

Z [top]
Zurich C14 laboratory: 28Feb08
Zygophyllum dumosum: 01Nov08, 22Nov08

Created: 29 June 2015. Updated: 24 July 2015.

Introduction. This is the third installment of part #1 of my concluding summary of the evidence that the 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin as "mediaeval ... AD 1260-1390"[2] was the result of a computer hacking, allegedly by Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory physicist Timothy W. Linick (1946-89)[3], aided by Karl Koch (1965–89)[4], on behalf of the former Soviet Union, through its agency the KGB. I will list the main headings as bullet-points, linking them back to my previous "My theory ..." posts on those topics. In future I will link back to this post whenever I state that "the 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin as `mediaeval ... AD 1260-1390' was the result of a computer hacking."

• In 1988 the Shroud of Turin was radiocarbon dated to 1260-1390 [#10(1)&#1]. Between May and August 1988[5], three radiocarbon dating laboratories at universities in Arizona, Zurich and Oxford, all using the same new Accelerator Mass spectrometry (AMS) method[6], radiocarbon dated samples that had been cut from the Shroud on 21 April 1988[7]. At a press conference in the British Museum, on 13 October 1988, following leaks that the Shroud had been dated "1350"[8], Prof. Edward Hall (Oxford), Dr Michael Tite (British Museum) and Dr Robert Hedges (Oxford) [Right[9]], announced that the Shroud's radiocarbon date was "1260-1390!"[10].

• In 1989 Nature reported that the Shroud was "mediaeval ... 1260-1390." In February 1989 the scientific journal Nature reported:

"Very small samples from the Shroud of Turin have been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry in laboratories at Arizona, Oxford and Zurich ... The results provide conclusive evidence that the linen of the Shroud of Turin is mediaeval ... AD 1260-1390 ..."[11].

• Yet the evidence is overwhelming that the Shroud is authentic [#10(1)&#1]. Yet the evidence as a whole is overwhelming that the the Shroud is authentic[12]. There is abundant historical and artistic evidence that the Shroud existed well before the earliest radiocarbon date of 1260[16] and indeed all

[Left (enlarge): The Hungarian Pray Codex[13] which has at least "eight telling correspondences" with the Shroud[14], yet is dated 1192-95[15], and so is least 65 years before 1260 and 160 years before 1355!]

"There is a lot of other evidence that suggests ... that the Shroud is older than the radiocarbon dates allow ..." (my emphasis)[18].

To be continued in the fourth installment of this part #1.

Notes
1. This post is copyright. Permission is granted to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a hyperlink back to this post. [return]
2. Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin,"Nature, Vol. 337, 16th February, pp. 611-615, p. 611. [return]
3. Jull, A.J.T. & Suess, H.E., 1989, "Timothy W. Linick,"Radiocarbon, Vol 31, No 2. [return]
4. "Karl Koch (hacker)," Wikipedia, 5 May 2015. [return]
5. Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL, p.131. [return]
6. Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London, p.178. [return]
7. Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, pp.5-6. [return]
8. Gove, H.E., 1996, "Relic, Icon or Hoax?: Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud," Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol UK, p.279. [return]
9. Wilson, 1998, p.7 & pl.3b. [return]
10. Wilson, 1991, pp.8-9. [return]
11. Damon, 1989, p.611. [return]
12. Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ, p.86; Rinaldi, P.M., 1988, , "For the Holy Shroud, the Hour of Truth," April, in McCrone, W.C., 1999, "Judgment Day for the Shroud of Turin," Prometheus Books: Amherst NY, p.243; Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," Thomas Nelson: Nashville TN, p.60; Case, T.W., 1996, "The Shroud of Turin and the C-14 Dating Fiasco," White Horse Press: Cincinnati OH, p.27; Guscin, M., 1998, "The Oviedo Cloth," Lutterworth Press: Cambridge UK, p.76; Antonacci, M., 2000, "Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical, and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY, p.6. [return]
13. Berkovits, I., 1969, "Illuminated Manuscripts in Hungary, XI-XVI Centuries," Horn, Z., transl., West, A., Irish University Press: Shannon, Ireland, plate III. [return]
14. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London, pp.178-180. [return]
15. Wilson, I., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London, pp.114-115; Wilson, 1991, pp.150-151; Wilson, 1998, p.146; Guerrera, 2001, pp.104-105; de Wesselow, 2012, p.178. [return]
16. Wilson, 1998, p.141; Maloney, P.C., "Researching the Shroud of Turin: 1898 to the Present: A Brief Survey of Findings and Views," in Minor, M., Adler, A.D. & Piczek, I., eds., 2002, "The Shroud of Turin: Unraveling the Mystery: Proceedings of the 1998 Dallas Symposium," Alexander Books: Alexander NC, p.33. [return]
17. Moroni, M., "Pontius Pilate's Coin on the Right Eye of the Man in the Holy Shroud, in the Light of the New Archaeological Findings," in Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX, pp.275-301; "Turin shroud 'older than thought'," BBC, 31 January, 2005; Rogers, R.N., 2008, "A Chemist's Perspective on the Shroud of Turin," Lulu Press: Raleigh, NC, pp.42-43, 129; Tornielli, A., 2013, "New experiments on Shroud show it's not medieval,"Vatican Insider, 26 March; Wilson, 2010, pp.73-74; Fanti, G. & Malfi, P., 2015, "The Shroud of Turin: First Century after Christ!," Pan Stanford: Singapore, pp.204, 207, 246. [return]
18. Ramsey, C.B., 2008, "Shroud of Turin," Version 152, Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, 16 June 2015. [return]

Posted: 23 July 2015. Updated: 25 July 2015.

This is the second installment of page "Gr-Gz" of my Turin Shroud Dictionary. For more information about this dictionary see the "Main index A-Z" and page "A."

[Index] [Previous: "Gn-Gq"] [Next: "H"]

[Above (enlarge): "King Lucius (middle) from the East Window in York Minster." But as we shall see, there never was an English King Lucius: he was in fact Edessa's King Lucius Aelius Septimus, aka. Abgar VIII (r. 177-212)!]

Grail, Holy.The "Holy Grail" is a dish, plate, stone, or cup and is part of the Arthurian (King Arthur and the knights of the round table) legendary literature. But historian Daniel Scavone, professor Emeritus of history at the University of Southern Indiana, has shown that the Shroud of Turin is the real object that inspired the Holy Grail legend. In his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in c. 731, English monk, the Venerable Bede (c. 672-735) learned from a friend Nothelm in Rome that in the 6th century Liber Pontificalis (Book of the Popes) Pope Eleutherius (†c. 174-189)"... received a letter from Lucio Britannio rege asking for assistance in converting his lands to the Faith." Bede wrongly rendered this in his Ecclesiastical History as "Lucius King of Britain" and cited it as evidence that Britain had become Christian in the second century. But German Church historian Adolph Harnack (1851–1930) knew there were no British kings in second century Britain when it was a province of Rome. And that there was only one King Lucius who converted to Christianity in the second century: Lucius Abgar VIII of Edessa, who had visited Rome in the time of Pope Eleutherus. Harnack also revealed that Edessa was sometimes referred to by the name of its citadel: in Syriac Birtha and in Latin Britium. The late second century Church Father, Clement of Alexandria (c. 150–c.215) had written that the tomb of St. Jude-Thaddaeus (1st-2nd century) was known to be in Britio Edessenorum, the citadel of Abgar. [To be continued in the third installment of this "Gr-Gz" page.]

Gregory, Referendarius
Guarini Chapel
Guerreschi, Aldo
Gundelia tournefortii.
Guscin, Mark
grave clothes.
Greece
Green, Maurus

Notes:
1. This post is copyright. Permission is granted to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a hyperlink back to this post. [return]

Posted: 30 July 2015. Updated: 31 July 2015.

This is page ("H-M") of a topic index in alphabetic order of my posts to

[Right: Face of Jesus on the Homs vase:

"... a relief portrait of Christ on a silver vase that was found at Homs in Syria, and is now in the Louvre in Paris ... Firmly datable to the sixth century [it has] ... the distinctive likeness that today we instinctively recognize as Jesus Christ. And if we compare [this] ... front-facing likeness ... with the face as visible on the Shroud ... there is a very uncanny resemblance: the same frontality, the same long hair, long nose, beard, etc. It is as if someone has studied the Shroud's facial imprint and for public consumption has very carefully crafted an interpretative official likeness from this ... " (Wilson, 2010, p.135).]

this my The Shroud of Turin blog. It was formerly page "A-M" and before that "A-Z," but it grew too large and so I split page "N-Z" and then page "A-G" off from it. This topic index complements the date order "Index to this blog's posts." I will continue adding to these topic index pages in the background, working forwards from my first 30 June 2007 post, identifying topics and linking back to index posts where those topics occur. This page is complete up to and including 07 Oct 11. When this page becomes too long, I will further split it into "H-J,""K-M," etc.

[A-G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N-R] [S-Z]

H [top]
Habermas, Gary: 17Jun08
Hall, Edward: 27Jul07, 28Feb08, 03Apr08, 13Dec08, 04Jun10
hands: crossed: 11Jan10
Haralick, Robert: 21Jul09
Hedges, Robert: 28Feb08, 03Apr08, 13Dec08
Heller, John: 17Feb08; book: "Report on ...": 07Aug11
Hebron: 01Nov08
history: Jerusalem to Turkey: 10Oct08; Turkey to Constantinople: 10Oct08, 11Jan10; Constantinople to Lirey: 11Jan10; first undisputed Lirey 1350s: 07Oct11
16th c: 14Jul09; 17th c: 14Jul09; undisputed: 08Dec09
Hitler: 04Jun10
hoax?: 12Apr08, 17Jun08, 26Jun08
hologram: 01Nov08, 07Nov08
Holy Grail: see Grail
Homs vase: 29Jul08
hot statue: 21Jul07

I [top]
Iannone, John: 24Nov07, 13Dec08; books: "The Mystery..." (2010): 16Nov10, 07Oct11
icons: Catacomb of Pontianus: 29Sep07, Moscow: 24Aug07
image:
- anatomically correct: 04Oct10
- back: 22Mar08
- beard: 29Jul08
- beaten: 04Oct10
- bloodstained: 04Oct10
- consistent with Gospels: 04Oct10
- crowned with thorns: 04Oct10
- crucified: 04Oct10
- face: 06Jul07, 21Jul07, 08Aug07, 04Oct10
- faint: 04Oct10
- front: 30Jun07, 03Apr08
- front and back: 04Oct10
- full-length: 09Aug07
- Jew: 29Jul08
- man: 04Oct10
- ponytail: 22Mar08
- scourged (flogged): 04Oct10
image formation: naturalistic: 08Dec09; not visible immediately?: 05Jan11; supernaturalistic: 08Dec09
invisible reweave theory: 29Sep07, 13Dec08; 60% 16th century: 13Dec08

J [top]
Jackson, John: 01Apr08, 03Apr08, 10Oct08, 21Jul09
Jackson, Rebecca: 10Oct08
Jehovah's Witnesses: 25Apr09
Jericho: 07Jun08
Jerusalem: 28Feb08, 01Nov08, 17Dec09
Jesus
- burial: Jewish: 11Jan11
- died: April: 01Nov08
- not: odds: 03Apr08; 19Nov08
- resurrection: 08Jul07, 29Sep07, 10Oct08
John, Apostle: at empty tomb: 11Jan11; recovered graveclothes?: 30Jan11; priest?: 30Jan11
John, Gospel of: 28Feb08
Johnson, Phillip: 17Apr10
Jones, Stephen: Introductory post: 30Jun07; biology degree: 12Mar09; Christian: 04Jun10, 07Oct11; discovered Shroud in 2005: 30Jun07, 04Dec07, 17Jun08, 07Oct11; don't need Shroud: 04Jun10; high school teacher: 12Mar09; policies: private emails: 16Nov10, 18Mar11, 07Oct11
Joseph of Arimathea: 01Nov08, 30Jan11;
Jospice mattress imprint: 01Dec07
Jumper, Eric: 01Apr08, 21Jul09

K [top]
Klosterneuburg abbey: 13Dec08, 11Jan10

L [top]
Lejeune, Jerome: 11Jan10
Leonardo da Vinci: 06Jul07, 08Jul07, 13Jul07, 21Jul07, 27Jul07, 29Jul07, 14Jul09
lepton: Pontius Pilate: 13Nov08, 21Jul09
linen: 04Oct10
Lirey: 1350s: 08Dec09, 07Oct11
Litt, Thomas: 26Nov08
Loken, John: 29Sep07
Luckett, Richard: 12Feb08

M [top]
Marinelli, Emanuela: 04Jun10
Marino, Joe: 10Oct08
Mary: 30Jan11
McCrone, Walter: 12Feb08, 24Feb08, 01Nov08, 07Aug11; book: "Judgment Day ...": 07Aug11
Meacham, William: 30Apr08, 02Aug08
Missouri Botanical Garden: 01Nov08
Morgan, Rex: 09Nov07
Mottern, William: 21Jul09

Posted: 29 June 2015. Updated: 14 August 2015.

This is page ("S-Z") of a topic index in alphabetic order of my posts to this my The Shroud of Turin blog. It was formerly page "A-Z" but it

[Above: Exact fit of the face on the Sudarium of Oviedo (right) and the Turin Shroud (left). (Bennett, J., 2001, "Sacred Blood, Sacred Image," pl.20).

"The most striking thing about all the stains [on the Sudarium of Oviedo] is that they coincide exactly with the face of the image on the Turin Shroud." (Guscin, 1998, "The Oviedo Cloth," p.26. My emphasis).

grew too large and so I split it off from now pages "A-G,""H-M," and "N-R." This topic index complements the date order "Index to this blog's posts." I will continue adding to these topic index pages in the background, working forwards from my first 30 June 2007 post, identifying topics and linking back to these index posts where those topics occur. This page is complete up to and including 07 Oct 11. When it becomes too long, I will further split it, and subsequent topic index posts, into "N-S,""T-Z," etc.

[A-G] [H-M] [N-R] [S] [T] [U] [V]V] [W] [X] [Z]

S [top]
Sagan, Carl: 07Aug11
Sanford, Walter: 01Nov08
Savarino, Silvano: books: "The Turin Shroud" (2000): 25Feb10
Savoy, house of: 14Jul09, 08Oct09; acquired Shroud 1453: 11Jan11, 07Oct11
Scavone, Dan: 30Jan11
Schafersman, Steven: 03Apr08, 26Nov08, 08Dec09, 18Mar11
Schwartz, Lillian: 14Jul09
Schwortz, Barrie: Jew: 09Oct07, 04Jun10: STURP: 03Apr08
science: good v bad: 07Aug11; Shroud: 08Dec09; cannot explain: 04Jun10
Science & Vie: 01Nov08
scorch: 21Jul07, 04Oct10
serum albumin: 27Jul07
Shroud of Turin: importance: 07Oct11; what is: 04Oct10
Shroud of Turin News: 2008: 10Oct08, 01Nov08, 13Dec08
Shroud of Turin: Burial Sheet of Jesus!: 04Oct10; PowerPoint: 04Oct11, 04Oct11
Shroud News (my): 2007: 29Jul07, 29Sep07, 09Oct07, 29Oct07, 01Dec07; 2008: 02Jan08, 22Mar08, 24Mar08, 03Apr08, 07Jun08
shrouds: 07Jun08, 17Dec09
sindonology: 05Jan11; sindonologist: 17Apr10
Sistine chapel: 09Oct07
societies: 02Jan08
Soons, Petrus: 01Nov08, 07Nov08
soudarion: 26Jun08, 11Jan11
spices: 01Nov08, 11Jan11
St Catherine's, Sinai: 08Dec09
Stevenson, Kenneth: 17Jun08
studied: 03Apr08, 12Apr08, 17Jun08, 04Oct10
STURP: 09Oct07, 01Apr08, 25Jun08, 04Jun10; sticky tapes: 07Aug11
Sudarium of Oviedo: 04Oct10; blood type AB: 18Mar11; matches Shroud: 08Aug07, 17Jun08, 08Dec09, 04Jun10
superficial: 21Jul07, 27Jul07, 04Jun10, 04Oct10

T [top]
Templars: 29Oct07, 14Apr09
Templecombe: 29Oct07, 14Apr09
tenth century: 08Dec09
three-dimensional: 21Jul07, 21Jul09, 08Dec09
Tipler, Frank: 29Sep07
Tite, Michael: 28Feb08, 03Apr08, 13Dec08
Tomb: empty: Peter & John at: 11Jan11; Shroud recovered from: 11Jan11, 30Jan11; guards: 11Jan11
Tryon, Victor: 18Mar11
Tunkel, Victor: 11Jan11
Turin: Shroud: since 1578: 08Oct09, 04Oct10
twelfth century: 24Aug07, 13Dec08

W [top]
Walsh, Bryan: 03Apr08
Walters, Guy: 17Apr10
weave: 17Dec09
Whanger, Alan: 08Aug07, 01Dec07, 21Jul09
Wilcox, Robert: books: "The Truth ..." (2010): 12Mar10
Wilson, Ian: 11Feb08, 17Apr10; books: "Blood and ...", 07Aug11
"The Shroud" (2010): 04Feb10, 17Apr10, 16Nov10
Witherington, Ben: 04Oct10
wool: 17Dec09
worship of?: 12Apr08
wounds: 04Jun10
writing?: 01Nov08; Hebrew: 07Nov08

X [top]
xrays: 29Oct07, 01Dec07

Z [top]
Zurich C14 laboratory: 28Feb08
Zygophyllum dumosum: 01Nov08, 22Nov08

Created: 29 June 2015. Updated: 14 August 2015.

[Previous: June 2015] [Next: August 2015]

This is the the fifth installment of the July 2015 issue of my Shroud of Turin News. I will add excerpts from Shroud-related news articles to this post, latest uppermost, with the articles' words in bold to distinguish them from mine. See the April 2015 issue for more information about this re-started series.

Contents:
"The Shroud the Pope and the `Strip of Cloth',"Patheos, by Fr. Dwight Longenecker, June 23, 2015.
"Pope Francis Pope Francis praises Turin shroud as an 'icon of love',"The Guardian, 22 June 2015.

"The Shroud the Pope and the `Strip of Cloth',"Patheos, by Fr. Dwight Longenecker, June 23, 2015. Can the main stream media get any

[Right: The Shroud face positive (left) and negative (right). But because the negative is a photographic positive, the Shroud image must be a photographic negative-at least ~600 years before the invention of photography! (see below]

dumber than when they try to report on religion? This article at CNNreports on Pope Francis' recent visit to Turin where he prayed before the Shroud.

"Pope Francis prayed Sunday before the Shroud of Turin, a strip of cloth that some believe was used for the burial of Jesus Christ. The shroud appears to bear the image of a man who resembles paintings of Christ."

1. The image of the man on the cloth: the image is not a stain. It is not painted on the shroud. It is not burned on in a conventional manner. Instead it is an image seared on to the cloth with some technology that has yet to be explained. That seems a strange word, "technology" to use, if the Shroud's image was (as Fr. Longenecker himself agrees - see "the body vanished from within it"below), a "snapshot" of Jesus' resurrection:

"Even from the limited available information, a hypothetical glimpse of the power operating at the moment of creation of the Shroud's image may be ventured. In the darkness of the Jerusalem tomb the dead body of Jesus lay, unwashed, covered in blood, on a stone slab. Suddenly, there is a burst of mysterious power from it. In that instant the blood dematerializes, dissolved perhaps by the flash, while its image and that of the body becomes indelibly fused onto the cloth, preserving for posterity a literal `snapshot' of the Resurrection." (Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin," p.251).

"Instead, the results of ENEA `show that a short and intense burst of VUV directional radiation can color a linen cloth so as to reproduce many of the peculiar characteristics of the body image on the Shroud of Turin, including shades of color, the surface color of the fibrils of the outer linen fabric, and the absence of fluorescence'. `However, ENEA scientists warn, `it should be noted that the total power of VUV radiations required to instantly color the surface of linen that corresponds to a human of average height, body surface area equal to = 2000 MW/cm² 17000 cm² = 34 thousand billion watts makes it impractical today to reproduce the entire Shroud image using a single laser excimer, since this power cannot be produced by any VUV light source built to date (the most powerful available on the market come to several billion watts )'." (Tosatti, M., 2011, "The Shroud is not a fake,"Vatican Insider, 12 December).

2. The 3-D capabilities of the image - the image of the man on the shroud can be read by 3-D imaging technology. Paintings fail this test. Indeed! Stevenson and Habermas point out that, "the three-dimensional effect [of the Shroud's image] is the Waterloo ["final, crushing defeat"] for all artistic theories":

"In short, though none of the Shroud opponents would willingly concede this point, the three-dimensional effect is the Waterloo for all artistic theories. That same effect has been scientifically demonstrated and subjected to the best peer review. And it still stands." (Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," p.32).

3. The Positive-Negative Image - the image is a photographic negative. That means when a traditional photograph is taken what should be the negative appears as a positive image. If it is a medieval painting how did they do that and why? See the Shroud's positive and negative images above. Since even the concept of photographic negativity was unknown until the discovery of chemical photography in the early 19th century, a medieval forger could not even think about forging the Shroud as a photographic negative, let alone do it.

4. The anatomical accuracy - not only is it an accurate image of a dead man but the image is distorted as it should be if it was laying over a real body and the body vanished from within it. I am not sure that "distorted" is the right word, but Jackson, et al, found that, "the frontal image on the Shroud ... is ... consistent with a naturally draping cloth [and] can be derived from a single global mapping function of distance between these two surfaces" (see diagram below):

"the frontal image on the Shroud of Turin is shown to be consistent with a naturally draping cloth in the sense that image shading can be derived from a single global mapping function of distance between these two surfaces" ("Some Recent Publications,"BSTS Newsletter, No. 9, January 1985)

[Above: Diagram in Jackson, et. al, 1984, "Correlation of image intensity on the Turin Shroud with the 3-D structure of a human body shape,"Applied Optics, Vol. 23, No. 14, pp. 2244-2270.]

This shows that a single process created the Shroud's image. But no medieval forger would know about a "global mapping function" and even if he did, no artist/forger could paint, etc., a whole human body in a single process (let alone in negative)!

5. The historical accuracy to crucifixion - the wounds are all consistent not only with Roman crucifixion, Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (c. 272–337)abolished crucifixion across the Roman Empire in 337 and writers in the Roman era, including the New Testament, gave little details of what crucifixion involved, presumably because: 1) it was so horrible; and 2) everyone then knew those details because crucifixion was public and common. So a medieval forger ~1000 years later would not know the historically accurate details of Roman crucifixion that the Shroud reveals. but the details of Jesus' particular crucifixion like the crown of thorns, no broken bones the scourging and the wound in the side. And although the particular details of Jesus' crucifixion: crowning with thorns, which was unique to Jesus to mock His claim to be King of the Jews (Jn 19:31-33) were unusual (Mk 15:44), they could have been gleaned from the gospels. But then a medieval forger, reading that the nail wounds were in Jesus'"hands" (Lk 24:39-40; Jn 20:20, 25, 27), would have put nail wounds (plural) in Jesus'palms where all medieval artists who depicted Jesus' crucifixion did, not a nail wound (singular) exiting from the back of Jesus'wrist, where the hand is strong enough to support a man's body without the nail tearing through it.

6. Geographical accuracy - pollen from the shroud is not only from the Jerusalem area, but from Turkey and the other places the shroud is supposed to have resided, See my Turin Shroud Dictionary entry "Frei-Sulzer, Max." While sceptics have tried to discredit Frei, by focusing narrowly on his identification of a few of his species, Frei's broad findings of pollen on the Shroud still stand unrefuted: 1) a minority of European pollen; 2) many halophyte (salt-loving) pollen species which don't grow in Europe but do grow around the Dead Sea; and 3) confirmation of Frei's identification of Jerusalem pollen species by images on the Shroud of flowers and plants of the same species by one of Israel's leading botanists, Prof. Avinoam Danin. dust from the area on the shroud by the knees and feet is from the area of Jerusalem. Limestone dust on feet of the man on the Shroud is the comparatively rare travertine Aragonite found in Jerusalem area. Moreover, the chemical signature of trace elements strontium and iron, and no lead, of that Shroud limestone dust very closely matches Jerusalem limestone.

7. The accuracy to Jewish burial customs - the shroud shows details perfectly consistent with first century Jewish burial customs. Jewish law required that a Jew who had died a bloody death (as Jesus did), should not be washed, but covered with a sovev, a single, all-enveloping sheet, to as far as possible, keep the body and its life-blood together. The double-body length Shroud conforms perfectly to that requirement of Jewish burial law. There are even microscopic traces of the flower that would have been used in the burial They are not "microscopic" nor are they "traces." They are normal size and some of them, e.g. a chrysanthemum, can be seen with the naked eye over the Internet (see my "2.6. The other marks (4): Plant images". Their images are consistent with having been formed by a coronal (electrical) discharge. So all forgery theories need to explain how and why a medieval or earlier forger also imprinted images of Palestinian flowers on the Shroud! - flowers that grew locally and were known to be used for burial. And which bloom in and around Jerusalem between March and April. Which is consistent with the death of Jesus which was in April AD 30!

8. The blood and the image - the blood was on the shroud first. The image happened later. Chemistry professor the late Alan D. Adler (1931-2000) found there was no image under the blood on the Shroud:

"While treatment of the body image fibers with proteases yielded no changes even after several hours of treatment, in less than 20 minutes it removed the coating of the serum coated [bloodstained] fibers to reveal a smooth and uncorroded surface. This interesting observation suggests that the blood marks were on the cloth before the image producing process took place and protected the blood mark areas from this process. This further confirms that there were two separate processes involved in generating the images seen on the Shroud of Turin. Any proposed image forming mechanism must account correctly for both sets of images." (Adler, A.D., c. 2000, "Chemical and Physical Aspects of the Sindonic Images".

9. The type of cloth The cloth is consistent with fabrics from first century Israel, but not with medieval Europe. This is not strictly true. There is one example of a herringbone twill woven fragment of linen from the 14th century, so it cannot be claimed on the basis of the weave alone that the Shroud could not have been woven in the Middle Ages. A forger would have had to not only forge the image in some as yet undiscovered way, but would have had to have detailed knowledge of linen weaves of the first century and then not only reproduce it, but age it convincingly. That wouldn't work anyway. Ancient textile expert Mechthild Flury-Lemberg in 1998 discovered that the unusual stitching of the Shroud's sidestrip and its selvedge (woven edges) have only been found elsewhere at the first century Jewish fortress Masada, which was wiped out by the Romans in AD 63 and never re-occupied. So a forger would still have had to find a first century Jewish linen sheet to forge the Shroud. But then that would invalidate the 1988 radiocarbon dating of Shroud as "mediaeval ... AD 1260-1390" (see next).

10. The age of the cloth - The 1987 carbon 14 tests They were in 1988. are now believed to have been taken from an area of the cloth that was not simply patched in the middle ages but patched with a difficult to detect interweaving and the carbon 14 tests were therefore compromised. Convenient, easy to understand, and widely accepted, but it is nevertheless wrong, because it, and all contamination explanations, require the Shroud (or the Shroud sample) to be at least 60% contamination, to shift its 1st century radiocarbon date ~14 centuries into the future. But the Shroud (and its sample) clearly is not ~60% contamination. See my "Conventional explanations of the discrepancy all fail."The latest technology and testing suggests a date for the shroud between 200 BC and 200AD. Go here for news of Professor Fanti's test in 2013. A better source of Fanti's tests is:

"New scientific experiments carried out at the University of Padua have apparently confirmed that the Shroud Turin can be dated back to the 1st century AD. ... The research includes three new tests, two chemical ones and one mechanical one. The first two were carried out with an FT-IR system, so using infra-red light, and the other using Raman spectroscopy. The third was a multi-parametric mechanical test based on five different mechanical parameters linked to the voltage of the wire. The machine used to examine the Shroud's fibres and test traction, allowed researchers to examine tiny fibres alongside about twenty samples of cloth dated between 3000 BC and 2000 AD ... Final results show that the Shroud fibres examined produced the following dates, all of which are 95% certain and centuries away from the medieval dating obtained with Carbon-14 testing in 1988: the dates given to the Shroud after FT-IR testing, is 300 BC ±400, 200 BC ±500 after Raman testing and 400 AD ±400 after multi-parametric mechanical testing. The average of all three dates is 33 BC ±250 years. The ... date is compatible with the historic date of Jesus' death on the cross, which historians claim occurred in 30 AD. The tests were carried out using tiny fibres of material extracted from the Shroud by micro-analyst Giovanni Riggi di Numana who passed away in 2008 but had participated in the 1988 research project and gave the material to Fanti ..." (Tornielli, A., 2013, "New experiments on Shroud show it's not medieval,"Vatican Insider, 26 March).

The only piece of evidence from the shroud which doesn't match up is the 1987 carbon testing. And that is because:

"... the 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin as `mediaeval ... AD 1260-1390' was the result of a computer hacking, allegedly by Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory physicist Timothy W. Linick (1946-89), aided by Karl Koch (1965–89), on behalf of the former Soviet Union, through its agency the KGB."

"The Shroud of Turin is much older than suggested by radiocarbon dating carried out in the 1980s, according to a new study in a peer-reviewed journal. A research paper published in Thermochimica Acta suggests the shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old. ... Raymond Rogers ... a retired chemist from Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, US ... analysed and compared the sample used in the 1988 tests with other samples from the famous cloth. ... These tests revealed the presence of a chemical called vanillin in the radiocarbon sample and in the Holland cloth, but not the rest of the shroud. Vanillin is produced by the thermal decomposition of lignin, a chemical compound found in plant material such as flax. Levels of vanillin in material such as linen fall over time. 'Older date' `The fact that vanillin cannot be detected in the lignin on shroud fibres, Dead Sea scrolls linen and other very old linens indicates that the shroud is quite old ... A determination of the kinetics of vanillin loss suggests the shroud is between 1,300 and 3,000 years old.'" ("Turin shroud 'older than thought'," BBC, 31 January, 2005).

To be continued in the sixth installment of this issue.

"Pope Francis Pope Francis praises Turin shroud as an 'icon of love',"The Guardian, 22 June 2015 ... Pope Francis paused in silent prayer before the shroud of Turin on Sunday ... Later, after

[Above: Pope Francis touches the shroud of Turin. Photograph: Giorgio Perottino/Reuters]

celebrating mass in a packed Turin square, Francis shared his thoughts on the cloth as he spoke of the love Jesus had for humanity when being crucified. "The icon of this love is the shroud, that, even now, has attracted so many people here to Turin," Francis said. As I pointed out in my June Shroud of Turin News:

"An `icon,' in Roman Catholic theology is merely a humanly created representation of the real thing:

"ICON ... from the Greek eikon meaning image, is a word now generally applied to paintings of sacred subjects or scenes from sacred histories" ("Icon,"New Catholic Encyclopedia 2003. My emphasis)

as opposed to `relic' which is the real thing:

"RELICS The material remains of a saint or holy person after his death, as well as objects sanctified by contact with his body." ("Relics,"New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2003)"

"The shroud draws [people] to the tormented face and body of Jesus and, at the same time, directs [people] toward the face of every suffering and unjustly persecuted person." This is damming the Shroud with faint praise and reinforces that Pope Francis really does think (wrongly) that the Shroud is just another fake icon. But the evidence is overwhelming that the Shroud is authentic, and therefore the image on the Shroud IS"the tormented face and body of Jesus"! Again, I am not being anti-Catholic in this but pro-truth and pro-Shroud (which is the same thing)! ... [top]

Posted: 11 August 2015. Updated: 16 August 2015.

Here is a quote by physicist Frank J. Tipler (1947-) in his, "The Physics of Christianity" (2007) [right], in which he states that, "...there are quite a few reasons for accepting the Shroud as genuine" so "It would be an extra- ordinary and very improbable coincidence [indeed "a miracle"] if the amount of carbon added to the Shroud [by "bacterial or other contamination"] were exactly the amount needed to give the date [in "the middle of the fourteenth century"] that indicated a fraud":

"If the radiocarbon date is ignored, there are quite a few reasons for accepting the Shroud as genuine ... But ... what must be answered before the Shroud can be accepted as genuine - is why the radiocarbon date is exactly what one would expect it to be if the Turin Shroud were actually a fraud. A very plausible history of the Shroud from A.D. 30 to the present has been constructed ... However, the first time the Shroud is agreed by all scholars to have existed is 1355, when a French squire, Geoffrey de Charny of Lirey, in the bishopric of Troyes, petitioned the Pope to display it as the unique burial cloth of Jesus. ... A few decades after de Charny's death, the bishop of Troyes denounced the Shroud as a fake and said that he knew the name of the forger, who had confessed. So if the bishop and later skeptics were correct, we would expect the linen of which the Shroud is made to date from the time of the forgery. That is, the middle of the fourteenth century. When the radiocarbon date was discovered to be between 1260 and 1390 (95 percent confidence interval), most scientists (including myself until a few years ago) were convinced that the Shroud had been proven a fraud. If bacterial or other contamination had distorted the date, we would expect the measured radiocarbon date to be some random date between A.D. 30 and the present. It would be an extraordinary and very improbable coincidence if the amount of carbon added to the Shroud were exactly the amount needed to give the date that indicated a fraud. That is, unless the radiocarbon date were itself a miracle ..." (Tipler, F.J., 2007, "The Physics of Christianity," Doubleday: New York NY, pp.178-179. My emphasis bold. Italics emphasis original).

"... in 1988 on the radiocarbon dating of the Shroud. What originally convinced me that the Shroud was a fake was the fact that the date obtained was precisely that expected if the Shroud were a medieval forgery. The Shroud first appeared in France in 1355, and the Arizona laboratory obtained a radiocarbon date of 1350. It seems incredible that later contamination came in exactly the right amount to give an exactly incorrect date. Unless the contamination ... were a miracle." (Tipler, 2007, pp.216-217. My emphasis bold. Italics emphasis original)

I certainly don't agree with much of what Tipler writes (including that he really does think that God would work a deceptive miracle), but he at least does recognise the problem that, if the Shroud is authentic, as the overwhelming weight of the evidence indicates, then it would either be "a miracle" (or a fraud of some kind which Tipler doesn't even consider), for it to have a radiocarbon date of "AD 1260-1390," the mid-point of which is 1325 ±65, a mere ~25 years before the Shroud first appeared in undisputed history in Lirey, France in c. 1355.

Another pro-authenticist who also does recognise the problem of the first century Shroud having a radiocarbon date of "1325 ± 65 years" is the agnostic art historian, Thomas de Wesselow, who considers fraud in the radiocarbon dating of the Shroud to be a real possibility, because of that date:

"The third possibility is that a fraud was perpetrated, that genuine Shroud samples were deliberately swapped with cloth of a later date. ... Most sindonologists regard these fraud theories as plainly incredible. Some, like Ian Wilson, refuse to contemplate such `unworthy' accusations. However, scientific fraud is by no means unknown, as the editors of science journals are well aware. ... One important consideration weighs in favour of the possibility of deception. If the carbon-dating error was accidental, then it is a remarkable coincidence that the result tallies so well with the date always claimed by sceptics as the Shroud's historical debut. But if fraud was involved, then it wouldn't be a coincidence at all. Had anyone wished to discredit the Shroud, '1325 ± 65 years' is precisely the sort of date they would have looked to achieve." (de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," p.170. My emphasis).

But I don't agree with de Wesselow and others that the fraud was by conventional sample-switching (see my "Accusations of conventional fraud (e.g. sample-switching) fail").

Those pro-authenticists who do not accept my proposal that, "The 1260-1390 radiocarbon date of the Turin Shroud was the result of a computer hacking," but instead propose that carbon contamination, a bioplastic coating, a medieval repair, a neutron flux, etc, `just happened' to be "in exactly the right amount" to shift the Shroud's 1st century radiocarbon date ~14 centuries into the future, so as to "give [the Shroud] an exactly incorrect date," respectfully need to take a reality check:

"a corrective confronting of reality, in order to counteract one's expectations, prejudices, or the like." ("reality check," Dictionary.com)

Introduction. Continuing from part #1 of this series, this is the first installment of part #2 of my concluding summary of the evidence that the 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin as "mediaeval ... AD 1260-1390"[2] was the result of a computer hacking, allegedly by Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory physicist Timothy W. Linick (1946-89)[3], aided by Karl Koch (1965–89)[4], on behalf of the former Soviet Union, through its agency the KGB. I will list the main headings as bullet-points, linking them back to my previous, "My theory ..." posts on those topics.

■ Computer hacking was rife in the 1980s [#10(3)&#3]. As can be seen from this extract [right (enlarge)] of Wikipedia's "Timeline of computer security hacker history" [5], the year the Shroud was radiocarbon dated, 1988, was a peak year for early computer hacking against poorly secured university, government and corporate computer systems.

To be continued in the second installment of this part #2.

Notes
1. This post is copyright. Permission is granted to quote from any part of this post (but not the whole post), provided it includes a reference citing my name, its subject heading, its date, and a hyperlink back to this post. [return]
2. Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin,"Nature, Vol. 337, 16th February, pp. 611-615, p. 611. [return]
3. Jull, A.J.T. & Suess, H.E., 1989, "Timothy W. Linick,"Radiocarbon, Vol 31, No 2. [return]
4. "Karl Koch (hacker)," Wikipedia, 5 May 2015. [return]
5. "Timeline of computer security hacker history: 1980s," Wikipedia, 14 August 2015. [return]

Posted: 19 Aug 2015. Updated: 19 August 2015.

This is page "Fa-Fm" of my Turin Shroud Dictionary. I decided to split the "F" entry in two at the outset because the entry "Filas" (see below) is large and there is another large entry "Frei" in the pipeline. For more information about this dictionary see the "Main index A-Z" and page "A."

[Index] [Previous: "E"] [Next: "Fn-Fz"]

Felix V, Pope (see Amadeus VIII)

Filas, Francis L. Fr. Francis L. Filas (1915-85) was a Jesuit priest and Professor of Theology at Loyola University in Chicago. A founding member of the Holy Shroud Guild, Filas delivered a paper at the 1977 Shroud conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, at which Jackson, et al, reported that three-dimensional imaging of a Shroud photograph

[Above (enlarge): Right eye in Enrie 1931 negative sepia photograph of the Shroud, magnified (left), showing letter "K" (red) and to its left angled letters "A" (orange) and "I" (yellow), the curl of the lituus (green arrow) and its staff (blue arrow). Each are in their correct relative position on a Pontius Pilate lepton (right), after I had horizontally flipped it because the Shroud image is laterally inverted in Enrie's negative photograph.]

with a VP-8 Image Analyzer had unexpectedly revealed images of small round `buttons' over the Shroud man's eyes. They concluded these were probably coins to keep the eyelids closed. Ian Wilson advised they were the size of a Pontius Pilate lepton (the "widow's mite" - Mk 12:41-44, Lk 21:1-4 KJV), which was acceptable to Jews as a Temple offering. A prominent lituus is only on coins minted by Pontius Pilate. Since Pilate was the Roman governor of Judaea from AD 26–36, who sentenced Jesus to death (Mt 27:24-26; Mk 15:15; Lk 23:23-25; Jn 19:14-16) in AD 30, Jackson et al. realised that if these `buttons' were Pontius Pilate leptons this would date the Shroud to the time of Jesus. In 1979 Filas noticed on an enlargement of an Enrie 1931 photograph of the Shroud face, a design over the man's right eye. Frei consulted Michael Marx, a numismatist, who using his magnifier identified four tiny curved letters which looked like "ECAI." Filas checked a copy of Madden's "History Of Jewish Coinage" (1864) and found that a Pontius Pilate lepton (Madden's #14), struck in AD 30, was the nearest to the design (a lituus or astrologer's staff) and the letters (part of the inscription "TIBERIOUKAICAROC" - "of Tiberius Caesar"), in the correct angular rotation and relative position, over the right eye of the Shroud. Moreover, Tiberius Caesar, who reigned from 14 to 37 AD, was the Roman Emperor at the time of Jesus' death (see Luke 3:1). Filas theorised that "UCAI" was a variant inscription and numismatist Bill Yarborough later found for Filas a Pontius Pilate lepton with the variant "C" in place of the "K." In 1981 Filas had negatives of his Shroud face photographs digitised by Log/E Interpretation Systems, with the result that the letters and the lituus over the right eye were more clearly seen, but but there was no clear evidence for design or letters over the right eye. In 1983 Filas sent his coin and photos to Robert Haralick, Director of the Spatial Data Analysis Laboratory of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, who in a 60-page report agreed that:

"The evidence is definitely supporting evidence, because there is some degree of match between what one would expect to find if the Shroud did indeed contain a faint image of the Pilate coin and what we can in fact observe in the original and in the digitally processed images."

Notes:
1. This page, and each page in my Turin Shroud Dictionary, is copyright. However, permission is granted to quote from one entry at a time within a page (e.g. "Filas, Francis L.," not the whole page "Fa-Fm"), provided that a link and/or reference is included back to the page in this dictionary it came from. [return]

Created: 25 April, 2015. Updated: 16 May, 2015.

Introduction. This is part #10, Summary (8), of my theory that the radiocarbon dating laboratories were duped by a computer hacker. My next post in this series will be part #10(9). See the previous parts #10(1), #10(2), #10(3), #10(4), #10(5), #10(6) and #10(7). Other previous posts in this series were parts #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #8 and #9, which posts this part #10 will summarise. It is my emphasis below unless otherwise indicated.

[Above: Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory's AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) control console computer terminal[2] just before, or just after, it had on 6 May 1988 displayed the alleged hacker's bogus radiocarbon age of the Shroud, "640 years"[3], which was then calibrated to "1350 AD"[4]. Dr. (now Prof.) Timothy Jull is in the green jumper, and the alleged hacker, Timothy W. Linick, is in the black shirt[5].]

8. RESPONSES BY PROFESSORS JULL AND RAMSEY ARE EVIDENCE THAT TIMOTHY W. LINICK WAS THE HACKER [#7]

• The AMS computer at Arizona was a "DEC computer system." In the previously cited 1986 Radiocarbon paper Linick stated that Arizona's AMS computer was a "DEC computer system" which "largely controls the ... calculation of results for each 15-minute run":

"The DEC computer system largely controls the cycling of isotopes, accumulation of data, and calculation of results for each 15-minute run"[6]

This is consistent with the terminal in the photo above, from page 176H of Prof. Harry Gove's book, which appears to be a DEC VT-100, which were typically networked

[Right: A DEC VT-100 terminal[7].]

to a DEC minicomputer (i.e. a mini-mainframe-computer). "DEC" stands for Digital Equipment Corporation, the maker of the powerful PDP-11 and VAX-11 mini- computers which were popular in science laboratories in the 1980s.

• Arizona's Prof. Jull's misleading and even false response to my hacking proposal. A copy of a comment I made when I was on Dan Porter's blog, proposing that the radiocarbon dating laboratories may have been duped by a computer hacker (at that early stage I did not claim it was a theory) was sent without my permission to Prof. A.J. Timothy Jull, Director of the Arizona radiocarbon dating laboratory.

[Left: Prof. A.J.T. Jull: Hungarian Academy of Sciences[8]. Prof. Jull was a signatory to the 1989 Nature paper[9] and is in Prof. Gove's photo above of those present at Arizona's first dating of the Shroud.]

and to Oxford's Prof. Christopher Ramsey, by the anti-authenticist Editor of the BSTS Newsletter, Hugh Farey[10]. Both Profs. Jull and Ramsey, surprisingly replied, and Porter posted those replies to his blog[11].

Prof. Jull's reply to Farey (as copied to my blog [12]) was as follows:

"This is impossible. In our case, the software for the calculations is offline. In any case, the calculation does NOT require software, it was done offline and plotted on a graph, as I recall. Indeed, in 1988 the internet (as we know it today) didn't exist – there was a pre-existing network run by the US government which was quite restricted. Anyway, the machine we used at that time couldn't have been attached to it, and that one still isn't."

First I was (and still am) amazed that two Professors, who are Directors of major radiocarbon laboratories, would bother responding to anonymous (Farey said he did not give them my name) blog comments. That itself is evidence that they may have been aware, following Linick's `suicide', that their laboratories' AMS computers may have been hacked by Linick in the 1988 carbon dating of the Shroud.

I don't know what Farey prefaced my comments with, but as I pointed out in my response when I was on Porter's blog (copied to my blog[13]), I said nothing about "the Internet" and Prof. Jull's "the software for the calculations is offline ... the calculation does NOT require software, it was done offline and plotted on a graph" (his emphasis) is not only self-contradictory (if the "calculation does NOT require software," why is "the software for the calculations ... offline"?), it is misleading, and even false. As we saw above, in a 1996 Radiocarbon journal paper, the first author of which was "T.W. Linick" and its second author, "A.J.T. Jull" (see reference [6] below), while the final calibration was "done offline and plotted on a graph," as I did in part #5, the actual "calculation of results for each 15-minute run" was done by the "DEC computer system."

This was confirmed by Prof. Gove’s eyewitness account of Arizona's first Shroud dating run, published in 1986:

"The first sample run was OX1 [an oxalic acid control]. Then followed one of the controls. Each run consisted of a 10 second measurement of the carbon-13 current and a 50 second measurement of the carbon-14 counts. This is repeated nine more times and an average carbon-14/carbon-13 ratio calculated. All this was under computer control and the calculations produced by the computer were displayed on a cathode ray screen"[14].

"The calculations were produced on the computer, and displayed on the screen. Even the dendrochronological correction [the calibration] was immediately available. All eyes were on the screen. The date would be when the flax used for the linen relic was harvested."[15]

Prof. Jull must have known this, so his reply to Farey that "the software for the calculations is offline ... the calculation does NOT require software, it was done offline and plotted on a graph" (his emphasis) is not only self-contradictory, but misleading and false.

However, from Prof. Ramsey's reply (see next) where he wrote, "Age calculation was done offline ...," I will charitably assume that by "calculations," Prof. Jull was referring not to the computer's calculation that Gove and Sox wrote about, but to the "offline" further processing, including calibration, of those computer calculations. If so, then while what Prof. Jull wrote in his reply above would not be deliberately false, it would still be difficult not to conclude that Jull was being deliberately misleading. That is because Prof. Jull must have known that it was "the calculations produced by the computer" which I was alleging had been hacked, not the further processing "offline" of those computer "calculations."

In which case this would itself be further evidence for my theory that the the radiocarbon laboratories were duped by a computer hacker (allegedly Timothy W. Linick). That is, following Linick's `suicide' on 4 June 1989, a little over three months after the 16 February 1989 Nature paper which claimed that the Shroud was "mediaeval ... AD 1260-1390"[16] appeared, Arizona laboratory leaders (of which Prof. Jull was not then among) may have discovered evidence that Linick had hacked Arizona's dating. If so, they would presumably not have been able to explain how Linick could have also hacked Zurich's and Oxford's datings. Which would in turn explain why Jull (and Ramsey-see next) emphasised that none of the three laboratories' AMS computers were online via "the Internet," which I hadn't mentioned. In which case the laboratories may have assumed that the Shroud was medieval after all and Linick's hacking of Arizona's dating made no difference to the final result. What other explanation is there for Prof. Jull's (and Prof. Ramsey's - see next) strange defensiveness, replying (and promptly at that) to an anonymous blogger's comments, misleadingly referring to "calculations ... offline," which are clearly irrelevant to my hacker claim, and going on at length about "the Internet" which I said nothing about?

• Oxford's Prof. Ramsey's misleading and even false response to my hacking proposal. My surprise that Prof. Jull had responded to an anonymous (to him) comment of mine on Dan Porter's blog turned to amazement when my further reading of those comments revealed that the Director of the Oxford radiocarbon dating

[Right: Prof. Christopher Bronk Ramsey[17, 18], who as "C.R. Bronk" (for his original name Christopher Ramsey Bronk[19]) was also one of the signatories to the 1989 Nature paper[20].]

laboratory, Prof. Christopher Ramsey, had also responded to my comment sent to him by Farey, as follows:

"Yes – I agree with all that Tim [Jull] says. This would seem to be a suggestion from someone who does not know what computers were like in the 1980s. In the case of Oxford the AMS had no connection to any network (and indeed even today our AMS control computers have no network connections). The software was very simple just outputting counts of 14C and currents measured. Age calculation was done offline and could just be done with a calculator, or by a simple program into which you typed the numbers from the AMS"[21]

The first question is, how did Ramsey know"all that Tim [Jull] says"? Did Farey, having received Jull's response, email it to Ramsey for his added response? Or did Farey send my comments to both Jull and Ramsey separately at the same time and one of them contacted the other to present a united front?

Ramsey states that he agrees "with all that Tim [Jull] says," despite Jull's "...the software for the calculations is offline. ... the calculation does NOT require software" being at least self-contradictory and misleading (see above).

Like Jull, Ramsey also strangely (if not suspiciously) downplayed the role of the AMS computer. Indeed some on Porter's blog (including Porter himself) took Prof. Ramsey to be claiming that the AMS computer was little better than a calculator, and Porter even questioned whether it was "programmable"! When, as we have seen, both Jull and Ramsey knew that it was a "DEC computer system," probably either a PDP-11 [right][22], or more likely a VAX-11 [below left][23], both of which were powerful, programmable, and therefore hackable computers! In fact as we shall see in part #10(9), some versions of VMS, the operating system of PDP/VAX computers, had a bug which made them vulnerable to hacking, and in fact were hacked.

Moreover, in his reply above, Prof. Ramsey's "This would seem to be a suggestion from someone who does not know what computers were like in the 1980s" is not only false, it is again difficult not to conclude that it is deliberately false, given that Ramsey, like Jull, knew that the AMS computer was a very powerful "DEC computer system." In fact, as I pointed out in my reply to Ramsey's response on Porter's blog, copied to my blog[24], far from me being "someone who does not know what computers were like in the 1980s":

"I was one of the first to have a personal computer in 1980. I pioneered the introduction of computers into Health Department of WA [Western Australia] hospitals in the mid-to late 1980s and in the late 1980s/early 1990s, I was the Systems Administrator of a network of 7 hospitals' UNIX systems."

Prof. Ramsey's ad hominem response cannot be explained by a lack of computer literacy, since he is the author of Oxcal, a radiocarbon dating calibration computer program[25]. So, knowing that the AMS computers at the three laboratories were very powerful DEC minicomputers, what was Ramsey's point in claiming, falsely, that I was "someone who does not know what computers were like in the 1980s"? It is difficult not to conclude that Prof. Ramsey was deliberately trying to hide the fact that the AMS computers were indeed hackable. Which would be further evidence that after Linick's `suicide,' Arizona laboratory may have discovered evidence that its AMS computer, and hence its dating, had been hacked.

Prof. Ramsey's "The software was very simple just outputting counts of 14C and currents measured" confirms my key point that there was"software" between the Shroud samples and the "outputting counts of 14C" displayed on the AMS computer's control console terminal. And being "software" it was hackable. That the "software was very simple" is irrelevant, so why mention it? Again Prof. Ramsey's defensiveness suggests that he has something to hide.

As we saw above Prof. Ramsey's "Age calculation was done offline" clarified what Prof. Jull probably meant by "calculation." But as with Jull, it is irrelevant that the "counts of 14C" were further processed "offline". Prof. Ramsey, like Prof. Jull, must be highly intelligent, and so they would surely know that if there was a hacking it would be in those "counts of 14C"before they were further processed offline. Indeed, Prof. Ramsey's "...a simple program into which you typed the numbers from the AMS," tacitly admits that the "numbers from the AMS" are from which the dating follows. If the Shroud samples'"numbers from the AMS" had been hacked, the further offline processing would inevitably reflect that hacked dating.

Nevertheless I did accept Profs. Jull and Ramsey's assurance that the AMS computers at Arizona and Oxford (and presumably also at Zurich) were never online. This however was not a problem for my theory because I had previously stated that if those computers never were online, they could still have been hacked manually and locally. Which in fact has been my theory from the very outset of it being a theory (see part #1 and next part #10(9)).

Continued in part #10(9).

Notes
1. This post is copyright. No one may copy from this post or any of my posts on this my The Shroud of Turin blog without them first asking and receiving my written permission. Except that I grant permission, without having to ask me, for anyone to copy the title and one paragraph only (including one associated graphic) of any of my posts, provided that if they repost it on the Internet a link to my post from which it came is included. See my post of May 8, 2014. [return]
2. Gove, H.E., 1996, "Relic, Icon or Hoax?: Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud," Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol UK, p.176H. [return]
3. Gove, 1996, p.264. [return]
4. Ibid. [return]
5. Jull, A.J.T. & Suess, H.E. , 1989, "Timothy W. Linick,"Radiocarbon, Vol 31, No 2. [return]
6. T.W., Linick, A.J.T. Jull, L.J. Toolin, and D.J. Donahue, 1986, "Operation of the NSF-Arizona accelerator facility for radioisotope analysis and results from selected collaborative research projects,"Radiocarbon, Vol. 28, No. 2a, pp.522-533, p.524. [return]
7. "VT100," Wikipedia, 22 June 2014. [return]
8. "Prominent guest researchers arrive in Hungary," Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2013. [return]
9. Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin,"Nature, Vol. 337, 16th February, pp.611-615. [return]
10. Farey, H., 2013, "Editorial - by Hugh Farey,"BSTS Newsletter, No. 78, December. [return]
11. "Comment Promoted: On the Hacking Hypothesis,"Shroud of Turin Blog, March 9, 2014. [return]
12. Jones, S.E., 2014, "Were the radiocarbon dating laboratories duped by a computer hacker?: My replies to Dr. Timothy Jull and Prof. Christopher Ramsey,"The Shroud of Turin blog, March 13. [return]
13. Jones, 2014. [return]
14. Gove, 1996, p.264. [return]
15. Sox, H.D., 1988, "The Shroud Unmasked: Uncovering the Greatest Forgery of All Time," The Lamp Press: Basingstoke UK, p.147. [return]
16. Damon, 1989, p.611. [return]
17. "Professor Christopher Ramsey" Merton College, Oxford, 2014. [return]
18. "Christopher Bronk Ramsey," Wikipedia, 23 March 2014. [return]
19. Bronk, C.R., 1987, "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry for Radiocarbon Dating: Advances in Theory and Practice," PhD Dissertation University of Oxford. [return]
20. Damon, 1989, p. 611. [return]
21. Jones, 2014. [return]
22. "PDP-11," Wikipedia, 17 May 2014. [return]
23. "VAX," Wikipedia, 20 June 2014. [return]
24. Jones, 2014. [return]
25. Ramsey, C.B., 2014, "OxCal," Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, 24 May. [return]

Created: 27 April, 2015. Updated: 23 May, 2015.

This is the entry, "Locations of the Shroud: Turin 1694-1918," in my Turin Shroud Encyclopedia. It is a continuation from Locations of the Shroud: "Lirey c.1355-Chambéry 1471,""Chambéry 1471-Turin 1578" and "Turin 1578-1694." I am working through the topics in the entry, "Shroud of Turin, expanding on them.

[Index] [Previous: Locations: Turin 1578-1694] [Next: Locations of the Shroud: 1918-Present]

Introduction. This is the fourth of a five-part series of entries which will briefly trace the locations of the cloth today known as Shroud of Turin, from its first appearance in undisputed history (see previous) at Lirey, France in c.1355, to its current location since 1578 (apart from short periods due to wars) in or around St John the Baptist Cathedral, Turin, Italy. It is partly based on my 2012 post, "The Shroud's location."

Turin 1694-1701. On 1 June 1694 the Shroud was moved into its purpose-built Chapel of the Holy Shroud, designed by the architect

[Above (enlarge): Interior of the Chapel of the Holy Shroud as it had been since 1694 before it was closed for repair in 1990[1].]

[Above (enlarge): Route (marked by red `diamonds') the Shroud was taken from Turin via Cherasco (16th June), Mondovì (24th), Ceva (25th), Ormea (26th), Caravonica (not shown), to Albenga. From Albenga the Shroud was then sailed via Savona to Genoa arriving on 16th July[2].]

Shroud's and their safety. After three months of heroic resistance by the Turinese, the French were about to overrun the city when Prince Eugene's forces arrived. At his direction, Prussian infantry led by Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1676-1747) broke through the

[Above (enlarge): "Battle of Turin: The attack of Prince Leopold of Anhalt Dessau"[3].]

encircling French forces, beginning a rout which lifted the siege.

[Above (enlarge): Engraving by Filippo Juvarra (1678–1736) of the 1737 exposition of the Shroud from a pavilion in Turin's Piazza Castello to mark the marriage of King Charles Emmanuel III and Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine[4].]

occasion. Prince Victor Amadeus III married Maria Antonietta (1729–1785), a daughter of King Philip V of Spain (1683–1746), in 1750. They had three sons who survived into adulthood: Charles Emmanuel IV (1751–1819), Victor Emmanuel I (1759–1824) and Charles Felix (1765-1831). The Kingdom of Sardinia and other Savoy states in 1792 joined the First Coalition against the French First Republic, but was beaten in 1796 by Napoleon (1769–1821) and Victor Amadeus III was forced to sign the disadvantageous Treaty of Paris in 1796, which gave the French army free passage through Piedmont. In 1796 Victor Amadeus III died and his eldest son Charles Emmanuel IV succeeded him as King of Sardinia. In late 1798 the French general Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV and family to leave for the island of Sardinia, without the Shroud! From now on the Shroud would be effectively under the control of the Roman Catholic Church.

[Right (enlarge): Palazzo Madama, Turin[5]. The 14th century castle to which this 18th century facade was added, can be just seen over its roof.]

Napoleon? Under the terms of the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), Victor Emmanuel I received back his former territories with the addition of Genoa. However, he had only daughters who survived into adulthood, so in 1821 he abdicated as King of Sardinia in favour of his younger brother, Charles Felix (1765-1831) and died in 1824. But King Charles Felix died childless in 1831, and there being no closer male descendants, his distant cousin Charles Albert (1798–1849), Prince of Carignano, the great-great-great-great-great-grandson of Thomas Francis (1596–1656), who was the youngest son of Duke Charles Emmanuel I (1562–1630), succeeded him as King of Sardinia-Piedmont.

[Above: (enlarge): Part of a lithograph, "Ostension from Palazzo Madama," by Jean Junck, depicting the 1842 exhibition of the Shroud to mark the wedding of Victor Emmanuel II and Adelaide of Austria[6].]

Their first child was Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy (1843–1911) and their second was Prince Umberto I (1844–1900). In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II became the first King of Italy since the 6th century. Umberto I married his cousin Margherita of Savoy (1851–1926) in 1868. Instead of a brief display of the Shroud from a balcony, a four-day exposition of the Shroud, mounted on a board above Turin Cathedral's high altar was held to mark the occasion. Following this exposition, Princess Clotilde, working on her knees, repaired some loose threads on the Shroud and replaced its 1694 black silk lining with one of crimson taffeta. King Umberto I and Queen Margherita's only child, Prince Victor Emmanuel III (1869–1947) was born in 1869. Victor Emmanuel II died in 1878 and was succeeded as King of Italy by his eldest, and only surviving son, Umberto I. In 1896 Victor Emmanuel III married Princess Elena of Montenegro (1873–1952). A special exposition of the Shroud was to be held in 1898, to mark

[Above (enlarge): Poster advertising the 1898 exposition of the Shroud. The depiction of the Shroud is not a photograph since Secondo Pia's first photographs of the Shroud (see below) had not yet been taken[7].]

the fiftieth anniversary of the 1848 Sardinian Constitution upon which the Italian Constitution was based. It was proposed that the Shroud be photographed for the first time, but the Shroud's owner, the ultra-conservative King Umberto I regarded that as unseemly for such a holy relic. However, he eventually relented and a local amateur (but proficient) photographer, lawyer and city councillor Secondo Pia (1855–1941), was given the task. Pia took his photographs and when he developed his glass plates, to his utter astonishment, Pia discovered that the negatives of his Shroud photographs were positives. Which

[Above (enlarge): "Secondo Pia's 1898 negative of the image on the Shroud of Turin. Image from Musée de l'Élysée, Lausanne"[8].]

meant that the Shroud image was a photographic negative! This launched the modern scientific investigation of the Shroud. In 1900 Umberto was assassinated and was succeeded as King of Italy by Victor Emmanuel III. In 1902, from studying Pia's photographs, Yves Delage, professor of comparative anatomy at the Sorbonne University in Paris and an agnostic, delivered a scientific paper on the Shroud's image before the French Academy of Sciences, in which he concluded, on the basis of the "anatomical flawlessness of the wounds ... in [photographic] negative ... [that] ... The man of the Shroud was the Christ"[9]. In 1904, King Victor Emmanuel III and Queen Elena's third child and only son, Prince Umberto II (1904–1983) was born. During World War I, King Victor Emmanuel III became alarmed at the prospect of the Shroud being damaged or destroyed in an air raid, so he had constructed a secret underground chamber two floors below ground level under Turin's Royal Palace. In May 1918 the Shroud was removed from the Royal Chapel where it had been since 1898, and locked in a strongbox in that underground chamber until the end of the war, when it was returned to the Royal Chapel.

Continued in "Locations of the Shroud: 1918-Present".

Notes
1. Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books: London, p.16. [return]
2. Oddone, A., "THE_HOLY_SHROUD_files/OSTENSION_ENGLISH 5.doc," Accademia Vis Vitalis, Turin. [return]
3. "File:BattleofTurin prince Anhalt.JPG,""Siege of Turin," Wikipedia, 5 April 2015. [return]
4. "Palazzo Reale, già Palazzo Ducale o Palazzo Novo Grande," MuseoTorino, 2010. [return]
5. "Palazzo Madama, Turin," Wikipedia, 27 March 2015. [return]
6. "April 12, 1842: Another royal wedding,""Shroud Exhibitions From 1578 to 1850," Shroud University.com, 19 March 2015. [return]
7. "Secondo Pia," Wikipedia, 3 May 2015. [return]
8. "Holy Face of Jesus," Wikipedia, 7 February 2015. [return]
9. Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London, pp.30-31. [return]

References.
• Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ, p.45.
• Crispino, D.C., 1983, "Louis I, Duke of Savoy,"Shroud Spectrum International, No. 7, June, pp.7-14, p.10.
• Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL, pp.20-21.
• Jones, S.E., 2015, "Savoy Family Tree," Ancestry.com.au (members only)
• Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN, p.69.
• Scott, J.B., 2003, "Architecture for the Shroud: Relic and Ritual in Turin," University of Chicago Press: Chicago & London, pp.267-268.
• Sox, D., "Bringing the Shroud to the test," in Jennings, P., ed., 1978, "Face to Face with the Turin Shroud ," Mayhew-McCrimmon: Great Wakering UK, p.41.
• Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition, p.264.
• Wilson, I., 1996, "A Calendar of the Shroud for the years 1509-1694,"British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter, No. 44, November/ December.
• Wilson, I., 1997, "A Calendar of the Shroud for the years 1694-1898,"British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter, No. 45 - June/July 1997.
• Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Simon & Schuster: New York NY, pp.296-299.
• Wilson, 2010, pp.247, 271-273.

Created: 2 May 2015. Updated: 3 June 2015.

[Previous: April 2015] [Next: June 2015]

Here is the May 2015 issue of my re-started Shroud of Turin News. I will add Shroud-related news articles to this post, latest uppermost, with my comments in bold.. There will usually be overlap, e.g. there are excerpts from April Shroud articles in this May issue.

"Rex Morgan's `Shroud News' Coming to Shroud.com!,"Spring Update - May 6, 2015, Shroud.com. From September 1980 until December 2001, Australian education pioneer, writer and broadcaster Rex Morgan published 118 issues of Shroud News,

[Right: "Rex Morgan's 'Shroud News' Issue No. 1 - 24 September 1980"]

a publication initially intended to spread the word of the Shroud in Australia, but which included many important papers and articles and ultimately reached worldwide distribution, making Rex one of the best known names in the Shroud world. In fact, Father Peter Rinaldi referred to Rex as "Australia's Number One apostle of the Shroud." Rex toured an extensive Shroud photographic exhibition throughout Australia and New Zealand and to Hong Kong and Macau in the 1980's. He also conducted his own research and became a familiar face and an important voice at every major Shroud conference around the world. So we are very proud to announce that, thanks to Rex's gracious permission, starting in our summer update later this year we will begin publishing Shroud News here on Shroud.com. Once again, this is only possible thanks to the tireless efforts of Stephen E. Jones ... This was mentioned as coming in April'sSoTN. I am enjoying reading Shroud News and am learning things about the Shroud I didn't know. Morgan, a non-Catholic Australian (like myself), travelled the world, attending Shroud events and meeting leading Shroud personalities. He actually saw the Shroud at its 1978 exposition, as recounted in his first book:

"As we entered around the great columns I saw, as did the others, exposed publicly for the first time in forty-six years, suspended in front of the high altar, the most priceless relic in Christendom, the Holy Shroud of Christ. Some of the gathering immediately knelt and crossed themselves, suddenly subdued and deeply moved by what they saw. Many others, hardened pressmen, thought only of their assignment and hastily began setting up their elaborate equipment. As if the Shroud were about to disappear from their eyes they began a cacophony of light and sound as cameras started to whir, flash bulbs to pop and floodlights to bathe the serenity of the cathedral with unaccustomed light. The Holy Shroud itself was hanging horizontally in a great frame of wood, covered with non-reflecting glass. It appeared to me at first to be lighted from behind, as it did to other witnesses, but I later discovered that it was in fact floodlit from the front. But it is interesting that its ethereal quality, a matter which has been remarked upon many times by observers over the ages, was such that my first impression was that it was backlighted." (Morgan, R., 1980, "Perpetual Miracle: Secrets of the Holy Shroud of Turin by an Eye Witness," p.22).

"Stains on the Sudarium of Oviedo coincide with those on the Shroud", Vatican Insider, May 2, 2015, Andrea Tornielli ... "All the information[Above: "The Sudarium of Oviedo."] obtained from the studies and research" carried out on the Shroud of Turin and the Sudarium of Oviedo" is in tune with what one would expect - from a forensic medicine point of view - to happen to cloths with these characteristics were they to cover the head of a body featuring the kind of lesions Jesus of Nazareth suffered, just as the Gospels tell us."Alfonso Sánchez Hermosilla, Doctor in Forensic Medicine, stated this at a conference held by the International Centre of Syndonology [sic] in Turin today. ... Hermosilla is the forensic expert who took over the study of the Oviedo Sudarium from Mgr. Giulio Ricci, who began examining it in the 1960s. "The similarity in the morphology and dimension of the stains" between the Sudarium of Oviedo and "the Turin Shroud", led Ricci to believe "that he had actually found the relic St. John speaks of" in his Gospel, when he mentions the sudarium in the tomb. [John 20:7. "and the face cloth [Greek soudarion], which had been on Jesus' head, not lying with the linen cloths but folded up in a place by itself."] From a forensic anthropological point of view and a forensic medicine point of view," Hermosilla continued, "all the information that emerged from the scientific investigation is compatible with the theory that the Turin Shroud and the Sudarium covered the corpse of the same person." The Sudarium of Oviedo is a relic that is kept in "El Salvador" Cathedral in Oviedo, Spain, in the Holy Chamber used as the building’s chapel during the reign of King Alphonse II [Alfonso II of Asturias(†759–842)] ... "This cloth was present in the region of northern Spain from the year 812 or 842" and "is made of linen; it measures approximately 84 x 54 centimetres." The "composition" of the textile structure of the Shroud and the Sudarium "is the same - substantially linen – the thickness of the fibres is identical ..." The Sudarium has nothing of the mysterious image present on the Shroud which was produced after the body that had been wrapped in it stained the sheet with blood and other fluids. All that there is, are traces of blood and other bodily fluids "from a human corpse" ... "The morphological study of stains in both linens reveal an obvious similarity between them ... both group of stains match very well ... not only in their relative position but also in their superficial size." In addition, there is a "correspondence on the distances between the staining injuries which originated the stains" ... the Sudarium of Oviedo "covered the face of the corpse" before it was wrapped in the Turin Shroud. "There are a high number of matches between the injuries which can be appreciated in the image of the Shroud of Turin, and ... the Sudarium of Oviedo." ... One of the pieces of evidence which the Spanish doctor considers most important, are the blood stains attributable to the crown of thorns. "The blood stains attributed to the thorns of the crown can be appreciated in both relics with a high similarity in the distance which separates them.""The surface of the nose in both linens is very similar; in the Sudarium of Oviedo it has an area of 2.280 mm², and in the Shroud of Turin 2.000². Moreover, by the middle of the right area of the nose there is a zone which is inflamed which measures 100² in the Sudarium of Oviedo and 90² in the Shroud of Turin." ... The large number of close similarities between the bloodstains on the Sudarium and the Shroud is a `two factor authentication' which proves beyond any reasonable doubt that the Shroud and the Sudarium are authentic. The Sudarium is known to have entered Spain in the 7th century, so the already superhuman medieval forger would have had to forge both the Shroud and Sudarium no later than the 7th century! And there is no reason why such an unimpressive, bloodstained rag as the Sudarium of Oviedo is, was kept in the first place unless it was known by Jesus' original disciples to have covered His once dead face and head.

"'Angelic' Face of Young Jesus Reconstructed from Shroud of Turin,"The Christian Times, Monica Cantilero, 30 April, 2015. The face of a "12-year-old" Jesus is seen here after its "re-creation" by the scientific unit of Rome's police force which used the Shroud of Turin (upper images at right) to reverse the age of the man whose facial image is imprinted in the Shroud. ... The image of the young Jesus was computer-generated by the Italian police who reversed the technology they used for adding wrinkles to the drawings of Mafia bosses to identify them after decades on the run ... To create the image of the young Jesus, the police subtracted years from the man's face imprinted on the Shroud of Turin and removed his beard. They also colored his hair blonde and lightened his complexion. "The angelic face is reminiscent of the prayer cards sold in Vatican souvenir shops ... Paul Damon, a geoscientist who was part of the team that held a carbon-14 dating test on the Shroud in 1998, reacted negatively to the police recreation of Jesus' face, saying it's a "malarkey," adding: "The boy would not be blond." ... The scientific unit of Rome's police force was prompted to create the image upon the suggestion of television news reporters who were doing a special news program about Jesus. ... I agree with the late Prof. Paul E. Damon (1921–2005), that Jesus, being a first-century Jew, would not have been blond. So this reconstruction of Jesus' face loses whatever credibility it would have had on that fact alone. The story is actually old news, being based on a 2004 article in the The New York Times in which it was pointed out that "when the police added receding hairlines or wrinkles to mobsters, they had family photographs to work from. They had no such genetic information handy about the parents of Jesus."

"If the Turin Shroud is the work of a medieval artist, it's one of the greatest artworks ever created,"The Spectator, Dominic Selwood, 27 April 2015 ... Our first definite knowledge of the shroud is an event in [Above: "The Shroud of Turin: modern photo of the face, left; digitally processed image right"] around AD 1355, when it was put on show in the tiny French village of Lirey, in Champagne. Its owners were the local knight, Geoffrey de Charney, and his wife, Jeanne de Vergy ... there is no known connection between this Geoffrey de Charney (or his son of the same name) and the famous Knight Templar called Geoffrey de Charney, who was preceptor of Normandy and was burned alongside Grand Master Jacques de Molay as a relapsed heretic in 1314, three quarters of a century earlier. According to a number of Ancestry.com family trees, including my de Charny family tree, Geoffroy de Charny (1240-1314), the Templar, was the brother of Dreux I de Charny et de Mont-Saint-Jean (1235-85), who was the father of Jean I de Charny et de Mont-Saint-Jean (1263-1323), who was the father of Geoffroy I de Charny (c. 1300–1356), the first undisputed owner of the Shroud. That makes the Templar Geoffroy de Charny the great-uncle of Geoffroy I de Charny. And since there are no other Geoffroys in the de Charny and de Mont-Saint-Jean family trees, it is likely that Geoffroy I de Charny was named after Geoffroy de Charny the Templar. At the time of the 1355 exhibition, Henry de Poitiers, bishop of Troyes, conducted an inquiry into the cloth, concluding that it was a `fraud' which had been `cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed'. There is no evidence for, and much evidence against, this mere hearsay claim of Bishop Pierre d'Arcis (1300-95): 1) the Shroud is not painted; 2) Bishop Henri de Poitiers (1327-70) wrote approvingly of Geoffroy I's exhibition of the Shroud in c.1355; 3) Geoffroy I's son, Geoffroy II, married Bishop Henri's niece, Marguerite de Poitiers (c. 1362-1418); and 4) Geoffroy II and Marguerite de Poitiers daughter, Marguerite de Charny (1390-1460), bequeathed her Lirey lands and title to Antoine Guerry des Essarts (1408–74), the son of Bishop Henri's illegitimate daughter, Guillemette de Poitiers (c. 1370-c. 1450), which can only mean that the de Charny and de Poitiers families had a close and friendly relationship, which would be impossible if Bishop Henri de Poitiers had denounced the Shroud as a fraud. ... the shroud was finally carbon dated in 1988 ... Laboratories in Oxford, Tucson, and Zurich ... all concurred ... in a date range of AD 1260–1390. ... There is much evidence that the laboratories were duped by a computer hacker, allegedly Arizona laboratory physicist, Timothy W. Linick. ... The Turin Shroud ... If it truly is the work of a medieval artist ... then it is a genuine wonder that brings us into the presence of the genius of the medieval world ... This is the dilemma that the late John E. Walsh (1927-2015) pointed out:

"Only this much is certain: The Shroud of Turin is either the most awesome and instructive relic of Jesus Christ in existence-showing us in its dark simplicity how He appeared to men-or it is one of the most ingenious, most unbelievably clever, products of the human mind and hand on record. It is one or the other; there is no middle ground." (Walsh, J.E., 1963, "The Shroud," pp.xi-xii. My emphasis).

"Is the Shroud of Turin real? Some say it doesn't matter,"Crux, Inés San Martín, Vatican correspondent, April 23, 2015. ROME - When Pope ["The Holy Shroud, the 14 foot-long linen revered by some as the burial cloth of Jesus, is on display during a preview for the press at the Cathedral of Turin, Italy, on Saturday, April 18, 2015. (AP Photo/Antonio Calanni)"] ... And now, for the fourth time since 2000, the shroud is on public display until June 24 in Turin's cathedral, and Pope Francis will venerate the shroud during his June 21-22 visit to the city. But even with a papal visit on the horizon, some still doubt the shroud's veracity. Joe Nickell, for instance, who describes himself as the world's only full-time paranormal investigator, says it's a hoax from the Middle Ages cooked up either to sell relics or to impress infidels. Nickell is a "full-time," i.e. professional sceptic. He makes a living debunking Christianity in general and the Shroud in particular. So for Nickell to admit what the evidence overwhelmingly shows, that the Shroud is authentic, would mean that he would be out of a job."What I or anyone else believes about the Shroud of Turin is beside the point," Nickell told Crux via e-mail. "At issue should be the evidence, and on that basis science has shown the Shroud of Turin to be - like so many alleged relics - a medieval fake."The evidence is overwhelming that the Shroud is authentic. Nickell is a modern example of those whom Jesus called, `the blind leading the blind' (Mt 15:14; Lk 6:39). An example of Nickell's dishonesty (or self-delusion) in Shroud matters is in his 1993 book, "Looking for a Miracle," in which Nickell argued for both the painting theory:

"In fact, there is no mention of this particular `shroud' for some thirteen centuries [a falsehood]; then a respected bishop reportedly uncovered an artist who confessed to having created it. In a letter of 1389 to Pope Clement VII, Bishop Pierre d'Arcis reported on an earlier investigation ... D'Arcis continued, speaking of the earlier bishop who conducted the investigation: Eventually, after diligent inquiry and examination, he discovered the fraud and how the said cloth had been cunningly painted, the truth being attested by the artist who had painted it, to wit, that it was a work of human skill and not miraculously wrought or bestowed" (Nickell, J., 1993, "Looking for a Miracle," pp.25-26).

"As an alternative to the painting hypothesis, some two years before McCrone published his findings, I reported the results of my own successful experiments in creating shroudlike `negative' images. The technique involved wet-molding cloth to a bas-relief (used instead of a fully three-dimensional statue to minimize distortion), allowing it to dry, then rubbing on powdered pigment using a dauber-much as one would make a rubbing from a gravestone. This technique automatically yields 'negative' images (or rather, just like the shroud, quasi-negative images, since the hair and beard are the opposite of what would be expected). It also produces numerous other shroudlike features, including minimal depth of penetration into the threads, encoded `3-D' information, and other similarities, some of which specifically pointed to some form of imprinting technique." (Nickell, 1993, pp.27-28).

"... bought a linen shroud, and taking him [Jesus' dead body] down, wrapped him in the linen shroud and laid him in a tomb that had been cut out of the rock." (Mk 15:46; Mt 27:59; Lk 23:53).

"In Judea, a number of skeletons excavated in the Essene cemetery at Qumran (ca. 200 B.C. to A.D. 70) were laid out flat, facing upward, elbows bent slightly, and hands crossed across the pelvis, more or less exactly the attitude visible on the Shroud." (Wilson, 1986, p.35).

"There is an extraordinarily high bilirubin count, almost as high as the methemoglobin. Now how does one account for such a high bilirubin in a person? One possibility is that the person had a severe malaria, but this does not seem very likely. But a torture, scourging and crucifixion leading to shock - that would produce a tremendous hemolysis. In less than 30 seconds, the hemolyzed hemoglobin will run through the liver, building up a very high bilirubin content in the blood. If that blood then clots, the exudate forms, and all the intact cells with hemoglobin stay behind, only the hemolyzed hemoglobin goes out along with the serum albumin which binds the bilirubin. So what one ends up with on the cloth is an exudate which has an enhanced bilirubin index with respect to the hemolyzed hemoglobin. You now mix bilirubin which is yellow-orange with methemoglobin in its para-hemic form which is an orangey-brown and you get blood which has a red color." (Adler, A.D., 1986, "The Origin and Nature of Blood on the Turin Shroud").

"That means that the red stuff on the Shroud is emphatically, and without any reservation, nothing else but B-L-O-O-D!" (Heller, 1983, p.216. Emphasis original).

"When in the late 1970s the British artist John Weston was given the task of copying the Shroud tone by tone for the TV documentary The Silent Witness he found himself so deeply impressed that he became convinced of the Shroud's genuineness." (Wilson & Schwortz, 2000, p.121).

Created: 9 May 2015. Updated: 23 June 2015

This is my list of my Shroud of Turin-related books and printed articles, in alphabetical order of authors' surnames. Books that are not primarily about the Shroud are marked with an asterisk "*" and those that are fiction are marked "(F)". For a more comprehensive list of

[Right: Stevenson & Habermas'"Verdict on the Shroud" (1981), my first Shroud book, which began the process of persuading me that the Shroud is authentic.]

Shroud-related books see Shroud.com's "Shroud of Turin Booklist." I have included a link to Amazon.com's (or other booksellers') listing of each book, where available. I am happy to answer questions in comments below about items in this list. I will add Shroud-related books and printed articles to this list as I acquire them.

A [top]
Adams, F.O., 1982, "Sindon: A Layman's Guide to the Shroud of Turin," Synergy Books: Tempe AZ.
Adler, A.D. & Crispino, D., ed., 2002, "The Orphaned Manuscript: A Gathering of Publications on the Shroud of Turin," Effatà Editrice: Cantalupa, Italy.
Allday, J., 2005, "The Turin Shroud,"Physics Education, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp.67-73.
Angier, N., 1982, "Unraveling the Shroud of Turin,"Discover, Vol. 3, No. 10, October, pp.54-60.
Antonacci, M., 2000, "The Resurrection of the Shroud: New Scientific, Medical and Archeological Evidence," M. Evans & Co: New York NY.

B [top]
Badde, P., 2012, "The True Icon: From the Shroud of Turin to the Veil of Manoppello," [2010], Miller, M.J., transl., Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA.
Baima-Bollone, P. & Zaca, S., 1998, "The Shroud Under the Microscope: Forensic Examination," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.
Barberis, B., 2010, "The Holy Shroud," Editrice VELAR: Gorle, Belgium.
Barberis, B. & Savarino, P., 1998, "Shroud, Carbon-Dating and Calculus of Probabilities," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.
Barbet, P., 1953, "A Doctor at Calvary," [1950], Earl of Wicklow, transl., Image Books: Garden City NY, Reprinted, 1963.
Barnes, A.S., 1934, "The Holy Shroud of Turin," Burns Oates & Washbourne: London.
Beecher, P.A., 1928, "The Holy Shroud: Reply to the Rev. Herbert Thurston, S.J.," M.H. Gill & Son: Dublin.
Bennett, J., 2001, "Sacred Blood, Sacred Image: The Sudarium of Oviedo: New Evidence for the Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin," Ignatius Press: San Francisco CA.*
Berard, A., ed., 1991, "History, Science, Theology and the Shroud," Symposium Proceedings, St. Louis Missouri, June 22-23, 1991, The Man in the Shroud Committee of Amarillo, Texas: Amarillo TX.
Berkovits, I., 1969, "Illuminated Manuscripts in Hungary, XI-XVI Centuries," Horn, Z., transl., West, A., rev., Irish University Press: Shannon, Ireland.*
Brent, P. & Rolfe, D., 1978, "The Silent Witness: The Mysteries of the Turin Shroud Revealed," Futura Publications: London.
Borkan, M., "Ecce Homo?: Science and the Authenticity of the Turin Shroud,"Vertices, Duke University, Vol. X, No. 2, Winter 1995, pp.18-51.
Bowman, S., 1990, "Radiocarbon Dating," Interpreting the Past, British Museum Publications: London.*
Brooks, E.H., II., Miller, V.D. & Schwortz, B.M., 1981, "The Turin Shroud: Contemporary Insights to an Ancient Paradox," ["The Silver Book"], Worldwide Exhibition: Chicago IL.
Brown, S. & McCloud, C., 2013, "The Shroud of Turin Speaks for Itself," LAMP: Mt. Aukum, CA.
Bruce, R. & Wilson, I., 1983, "Jesus and the Shroud. A Resource Book for Religious Studies," Cassell Publications: London, Reprinted, 1988.
Brucker, E., 1998, "Thy Holy Face: My 39 Years of Lecturing on the Shroud of Turin," Brucker: Tucson AZ.
Bulst, W., 1957, "The Shroud of Turin," McKenna, S. & Galvin, J.J., transl., Bruce Publishing Co: Milwaukee WI.

C [top]
Calvin, J., Nickell, J., "Introduction," 2008, "Treatise on Relics," 1543, Prometheus Books: Amherst NY.*
Carreño, J.L., 1980, "A Mini-Guide to the Shroud of Christ," Salesian Publishers: New Rochelle NY.
Case, T.W., 1996, "The Shroud of Turin and the C-14 Dating Fiasco," White Horse Press: Cincinnati OH.
Cassanelli, A., 2002, "The Holy Shroud," Williams, B., transl., Gracewing: Leominster UK.
Cherf, W.J., ed., 1993, "Alpha to Omega: Studies in Honor of George John Szemler," Ares Publishers: Chicago IL.*
Cheshire, G.L., 1956, "Pilgrimage to the Shroud," McGraw-Hill: New York NY.
Cheshire, G.L., 1961, "The Face of Victory," Hutchinson: London.*
Click, P.C., 1988, "High Technology Meets the Spiritual: Objectivity, Popular Opinion, and The Shroud of Turin,"The Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 21, No. 4, Spring, pp.13-23.
Crispino, D.C., ed., 1982, Shroud Spectrum International, Vol. 1, No. 3, June.
Crispino, D.C., ed., 1984, Shroud Spectrum International, Vol. 3, No. 10, March.
Cruz, J.C., 1984, "Relics: The Shroud of Turin, the True Cross, the Blood of Januarius ...: History, Mysticism, and the Catholic Church," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.*
Culliton, B.J., 1978, "The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin Challenges 20th-Century Science,"Science, Vol. 201, 21 July, pp.235-239.
Currer-Briggs, N., 1995, "Shroud Mafia: The Creation of a Relic?," Book Guild: Sussex UK.
Currer-Briggs, N., 1984, "The Holy Grail and the Shroud of Christ: The Quest Renewed," ARA Publications: Maulden UK.
Currer-Briggs, N., 1988, "The Shroud and the Grail: A Modern Quest for the True Grail," St. Martin's Press: New York NY.

D [top]
Damon, P.E., et al., 1989, "Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin,"Nature, Vol. 337, 16th February, pp.611-615.
Danin, A., 2010, "Botany of the Shroud: The Story of Floral Images on the Shroud of Turin," Danin Publishing: Jerusalem, Israel.
Danin, A., Whanger, A.D., Baruch, U. & Whanger, M., 1999, "Flora of the Shroud of Turin," Missouri Botanical Garden Press: St. Louis MO.
de Charny, G., Kaeuper, R.W., 2005, "Introduction," , "A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry," [c. 1350], Kennedy, E., transl., The Middle Ages Series, University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia PA.
de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London.
Dobson, C.C., 1933, "The Face of Christ: Earliest Likenesses from the Catacombs," Centenary Press: London.*
Drews, R., 1984, "In Search of the Shroud of Turin: New Light on Its History and Origins," Rowman & Allanheld: Totowa NJ.

E [top]
Elwell, W.A., ed., 1984, "Evangelical Dictionary of Theology," Baker Book House: Grand Rapids MI., 1990, Seventh printing, pp.1115-1116.*

F [top]
Fanti, G., ed., 2009, "The Shroud of Turin: Perspectives on a Multifaceted Enigma," Proceedings of the 2008 Columbus Ohio International Conference, August 14-17, 2008, Progetto Libreria: Padua, Italy.
Fanti, G. & Basso, R., 2008, "Turin Shroud: Optical Research in the Past Present and Future," Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY.
Fanti, G. & Malfi, P., 2015, "The Shroud of Turin: First Century after Christ!," Pan Stanford: Singapore.
Fattorini, F., 1966, "The Holy Shroud and What it Means," Rose Education Publishers: Newark NJ.
Filas, F.L., 1980, "The Dating of the Shroud of Turin from Coins of Pontius Pilate," Cogan Productions: Youngtown AZ.
Fox, L.D., 1956, "The Holy Shroud," Catholic Truth Society: London.
Frazier, K., ed., The Skeptical Inquirer, Vol. VI, No. 3, Spring 1982, pp.15-56.
Frean, W., 1961, "The Winding Sheet of Christ: Vivid Witness of the Love and Sufferings of Our Saviour," Majellan Press: Wendouree VIC, Australia.

G [top]
Garza-Valdes, L.A., 1998, "The DNA of God?," Hodder & Stoughton: London.
Geisler, N.L., 1999, "Baker Encyclopedia of Christian Apologetics," Baker Books: Grand Rapids MI, pp.705-706.*
Gove, H.E., 1999, "From Hiroshima to the Iceman: The Development and Applications of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry," Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol UK.*
Gove, H.E., 1996, "Relic, Icon or Hoax?: Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud," Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol UK.
Green, M., 1969, "Enshrouded in Silence: In search of the First Millennium of the Holy Shroud,"Ampleforth Journal, Vol. 74, No. 3, Autumn, pp.319-345.
Guerrera, V., 2001, "The Shroud of Turin: A Case for Authenticity," TAN: Rockford IL.
Guscin, M., ed., 2007, British Society for the Turin Shroud Newsletter, No. 66, December.
Guscin, M., 2004, "The History of the Sudarium of Oviedo: How It Came from Jerusalem to Northern Spain in the Seventh Century A.D., Edwin Mellen Press: Lewiston NY.*
Guscin, M., 2009, "The Image of Edessa," Brill: Leiden, Netherlands & Boston MA.*
Guscin, M., 1998, "The Oviedo Cloth," Lutterworth Press: Cambridge UK.*

M [top]
Maher, R.W., 1986, "Science, History, and the Shroud of Turin," Vantage Press: New York NY.
Marinelli, E., 1996, "La Sindone: Un'immagine impossibile," ["The Shroud: An `Impossible' Image"], Edizioni: San Paolo, Italy.
Marino, J.G., 2011, "Wrapped up in the Shroud: Chronicle of a Passion," Cradle Press: St. Louis MO.
McCrone, W.C., 1999, "Judgment Day for the Shroud of Turin," Prometheus Books: Amherst NY.
McDowell, J. & Stewart, D., 1980, "Answers to Tough Questions: Skeptics Ask About the Christian Faith," Here's Life Publishers: San Bernardino CA, pp.154-155.*
Meacham, W., 1983, "The Authentication of the Turin Shroud: An Issue in Archaeological Epistemology,"Current Anthropology, Vol. 24, No. 3, June.
Meacham, W., 2005, "The Rape of the Turin Shroud: How Christianity's Most Precious Relic was Wrongly Condemned and Violated," Lulu Press: Morrisville NC.
Milne, L., 2005, "A Grain of Truth: How Pollen Brought a Murderer to Justice," New Holland: Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia, pp.92-95*.
Minor, M., 1990, "Shroud of Turin Manuscript Discovered By Texas Member," [originally "A Lawyer Argues for Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin"], The Manuscript Society News, Vol. XI, No. 4, Fall, pp.117-122.
Minor, M., Adler, A.D. & Piczek, I., eds., 2002, "The Shroud of Turin: Unraveling the Mystery: Proceedings of the 1998 Dallas Symposium," Alexander Books: Alexander NC.
Moretto, G., 1999, "The Shroud: A Guide," Neame, A., transl., Paulist Press: Mahwah NJ.
Morgan, R., 1986, "The Holy Shroud and the Earliest Paintings of Christ," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.
Morgan, R., 1980, "Perpetual Miracle: Secrets of the Holy Shroud of Turin By an Eye Witness," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.
Morgan, R., 1983, "Shroud Guide," Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.
Murphy, C., 1981, "Shreds of evidence: Science confronts the miraculous-the Shroud of Turin,"Harper's, Vol. 263, November, pp.42-65.

N [top]
Navarro, J., "The Brotherhood of the Holy Shroud," [2004], Hurley, A., transl, John Murray: London, 2007.(F).
Newman, S., 2007, "The Real History Behind the Templars," The Berkley Publishing Group: New York NY, pp381-386.*
Nickell, J., 1987, "Inquest on the Shroud of Turin," [1983], Prometheus Books: Buffalo NY, Revised, Reprinted, 2000.
Nickell, J., 1993, "Looking for a Miracle: Weeping Icons, Relics, Stigmata, Visions & Healing Cures," Prometheus Books: Buffalo NY, pp.22-29, 138A.*

O [top]
O'Connell, P. & Carty, C., "The Holy Shroud and Four Visions," TAN: Rockford IL, 1974.
O'Rahilly, A. & Gaughan, J.A., ed., 1985, "The Crucified," Kingdom Books: Dublin.
Oxley, M., 2010, "The Challenge of the Shroud: History, Science and the Shroud of Turin," AuthorHouse: Milton Keynes UK.

P [top]
Pagliarino, G., 2006, "The Mysterious Shroud of Turin: Essay," Lulu Press: Morrisville NC.
Petrosillo, O. & Marinelli, E., 1996, "The Enigma of the Shroud: A Challenge to Science," Scerri, L.J., transl., Publishers Enterprises Group: San Gwann, Malta.
Pick, C., ed., "Mysteries of the World," Lyric Books: London, 1979, pp.100-109.*
Picknett, L. & Prince, C., 1997, "The Templar Revelation: Secret Guardians of the True Identity of Christ," Corgi: London, Reprinted, 1998*.
Picknett, L. & Prince, C., 2006, "The Turin Shroud: How Da Vinci Fooled History," [1994], Touchstone: New York NY, Second edition, Reprinted, 2007.
Picknett, L. & Prince, C., 1994, "Turin Shroud: In Whose Image?: The Truth Behind the Centuries-Long Conspiracy of Silence," HarperCollins: New York NY.
Pindar, I., ed., 2008, "The Folio Book of Historical Mysteries," The Folio Society: London, pp.97-111.*
Proszynski, K., Schonfield, H., ed., 1932, "The Authentic Photograph of Christ: His Face, and Whole Figure as Marvellously Appearing on the Shroud which was Thrown Over His Body after the Crucifixion," The Search Publishing Co Ltd: London.

R [top]
Redington, M., ed., 1963, "About Religion An Anthology," Macdonald: London.*
Riani, M., Atkinson, A.C., Fanti, G. & Crosilla, F., 2013, "Regression analysis with partially labelled regressors: carbon dating of the Shroud of Turin,"Statistics and Computing, Vol. 23, No. 4, July, pp 551-561. Ricci, G., 1982, "Guide to the Photographic Exhibit of the Holy Shroud," Center for the Study of the Passion of Christ and the Holy Shroud: Milwaukee WI.
Ricci, G., 1981, "The Holy Shroud," [1976], Center for the Study of the Passion of Christ and the Holy Shroud: Milwaukee WI.
Ricci, G., 1978, "The Way of the Cross in the Light of the Holy Shroud," [1975], Center for the Study of the Passion of Christ and the Holy Shroud: Milwaukee WI, Second edition, Reprinted, 1982.
Rinaldi, P.M., 1941, "I Saw the Holy Shroud," Don Bosco Publications: New Rochelle NY, Reprinted, 1983.
Rinaldi, P.M., 1973, "It Is The Lord: A Study of the Shroud of Christ," Warner Books: New York NY.
Rinaldi, P.M., 1978, "The Man in the Shroud," [1972], Futura: London, Revised.
Rinaldi, P.M., 1979, "When Millions Saw the Shroud: Letters from Turin," Don Bosco Publications: New Rochelle NY.
Rogers, R.N., 2008, "A Chemist's Perspective on the Shroud of Turin," Lulu Press: Raleigh, NC.
Ruffin, C.B., 1999, "The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic," Our Sunday Visitor: Huntington IN.

S [top]
Scannerini, S., 1998, "Myrrh, Aloes, Pollen and Other Traces: Botanical Research on the Shroud," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: Staten Island NY.
Scannerini, S. & Savarino, P., eds, 2000, "The Turin Shroud: Past, Present and Future," International scientific symposium, Turin, 2-5 March 2000," Effatà: Cantalupa.
Scavone, D.C., 1989, "The Shroud of Turin: Opposing Viewpoints," Greenhaven Press: San Diego CA.
Schiatti, L., 1998, "The Shroud: A Guide to the Reading of an Image Full of Mystery," St Pauls: Staten Island NY.
Schwalbe, L.A. & Rogers, R.N., 1982, "Physics and Chemistry of the Shroud of Turin: Summary of the 1978 Investigation," Reprinted from Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 135, No. 1, 1982, pp.3-49, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co: Amsterdam.
Scott, C., 1995, "The Holy Shroud: Research Continues in Colorado," St. Mark's Avenue Press: Colorado Springs CO.
Scott, J.B., 2003, "Architecture for the Shroud: Relic and Ritual in Turin," University of Chicago Press: Chicago & London.
Smith, D.M., 1983, "The Letter," DMS Publishing Co: Rancho Palos Verdes CA.
Sox, H.D., 1978, "File on the Shroud," Coronet: London.
Sox, H.D., 1981, "The Image on the Shroud: Is the Turin Shroud a Forgery?," Unwin: London.
Sox, H.D., 1985, "Relics and Shrines," George Allen & Unwin: London, pp.4-7, 95-113.*
Sox, H.D., 1988, "The Shroud Unmasked: Uncovering the Greatest Forgery of All Time," The Lamp Press: Basingstoke UK.
Stevenson, K.E., 1999, "Image of the Risen Christ: Remarkable New Evidence About the Shroud," Frontier Research Publications: Toronto ON, Canada.
Stevenson, K.E., ed., 1977, "Proceedings of the 1977 United States Conference of Research on The Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Bronx NY.
Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1990, "The Shroud and the Controversy," Thomas Nelson Publishers: Nashville TN.
Stevenson, K.E. & Habermas, G.R., 1981, "Verdict on the Shroud: Evidence for the Death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ," Servant Books: Ann Arbor MI.
Sutton, R.F., Jr., 1989, "Daidalikon: Studies in Memory of Raymond V Schoder," Bolchazy Carducci Publishers: Wauconda IL, pp.311-329.*

T [top]
Tipler, F.J., 2007, "The Physics of Christianity," Doubleday: New York NY, pp.175-187, 197-198, 203-217.*
Tribbe, F.C., 1983, "Portrait of Jesus: The Illustrated Story of the Shroud of Turin," Stein & Day Publishers: New York NY.
Tribbe, F.C., 2006, "Portrait of Jesus: The Shroud of Turin in Science and History," [1983], Paragon House Publishers: St. Paul MN, Second edition.
Tyrer, J., 1981, "Looking at the Turin Shroud as a Textile,"Textile Horizons, December, pp.20-23.

U [top]

V [top]
van der Meer, J.M., ed., 1996, "Facets of Faith and Science: Vol. 3: The Role of Beliefs in the Natural Sciences," University Press of America: Lanham, MD, pp.119-133.*
Vignon, P., 1939, "Le Saint Suaire de Turin: Devant La Science, L'archéologie, L'histoire, L'iconographie, La Logique," Masson et Cie. Éditeurs: Paris, Second edition.
Vignon, P., 1937, "The Problem of the Holy Shroud," Wuenschel, E.A., transl., Scientific American, March, pp. 162-164.
Vignon, P., 1902, "The Shroud of Christ," University Books: New York NY, Reprinted, 1970.
Vignon, P., Tice, P., ed., 2002, "The Shroud of Christ," [1902], The Book Tree: San Diego CA.
Volckringer, J., 1991, "The Holy Shroud: Science Confronts the Imprints," [1942], Harper, V., transl., Morgan, R., ed., Runciman Press: Manly NSW, Australia.

W [top]
Walsh, B.J., ed., 2000, "Proceedings of the 1999 Shroud of Turin International Research Conference, Richmond, Virginia," Magisterium Press: Glen Allen VA.
Walsh, J.E., 1963, "The Shroud," Random House: New York NY.
Weaver, K.F., 1980, "Science Seeks to Solve...The Mystery of the Shroud,"National Geographic, Vol. 157, June, pp.730-753.
Whanger, M. & Whanger, A.D., 1998, "The Shroud of Turin: An Adventure of Discovery," Providence House Publishers: Franklin TN.
Whiting, B., 2006, "The Shroud Story," Harbour Publishing: Strathfield NSW, Australia.
Wilcox, R.K., 1977, "Shroud," Macmillan: New York NY.
Wilcox, R.K., 2010, "The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery," [1977], Regnery: Washington DC.
Wilson, I., 2000, "The Bible Is History," Regnery: Washington DC, p.228.*
Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Free Press: New York NY.
Wilson, I., 1998, "The Blood and the Shroud: New Evidence that the World's Most Sacred Relic is Real," Touchstone: New York NY.
Wilson, I., 1991, "Holy Faces, Secret Places: The Quest for Jesus' True Likeness," Doubleday: London.
Wilson, I., 1988, "Jesus: The Evidence," [1984], Pan: London, Revised, pp.111-112.*
Wilson, I., 1996, "Jesus: The Evidence," [1984], Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, Revised, pp.133-135.*
Wilson, I., 2010, "The Shroud: The 2000-Year-Old Mystery Solved," Bantam Press: London.
Wilson, I., 2011, "The Shroud: Fresh Light on the 2000-Year-Old Mystery ...," [2010], Corgi: London.
Wilson, I., 1979, "The Shroud of Turin: The Burial Cloth of Jesus Christ?," [1978], Image Books: New York NY, Revised edition.
Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Book Club Associates: London.
Wilson, I., 1978, "The Turin Shroud," Victor Gollancz: London.
Wilson, I., 1979, "The Turin Shroud," [1978], Penguin: Harmondsworth UK, Revised edition.
Wilson, I. & Miller, V., 1986, "The Evidence of the Shroud," Guild Publishing: London.
Wilson, I. & Miller, V., 1986, "The Mysterious Shroud," Doubleday: Garden City NY.
Wilson, I. & Schwortz, B., 2000, "The Turin Shroud: The Illustrated Evidence," Michael O'Mara Books Limited: London.
Wuenschel, E.A., 1953, "The Holy Shroud of Turin," [1950], Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Revised Edition, Fourth Printing, 1963.
Wuenschel, E.A., 1954, "Self-Portrait of Christ: The Holy Shroud of Turin," Holy Shroud Guild: Esopus NY, Third printing, 1961.

X [top]

Y [top]

Z [top]
Zaccone, G.M., 1998, "On the Trail of the Shroud: Early and Recent History," Neame, A., transl., St Pauls: London.
Zugibe, F.T., 1988, "The Cross and the Shroud: A Medical Enquiry into the Crucifixion," [1982], Paragon House: New York NY, Revised edition.
Zugibe, F.T., 2005, "The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry," M. Evans & Co.: New York NY.

Created: 14 May 2015. Updated: 16 August 2015.

This is page "Fn-Fz" of my Turin Shroud Dictionary. For more information about this dictionary see the "Main index A-Z" and page "A."

[Index] [Previous: "Fa-Fm"] [Next: "Ga-Gm"]

[Right: Max Frei-Sulzer [2] (see below), with STURP's Ray Rogers (1927–2005) looking on, taking pollen samples from the Shroud in 1978, in conjunction with (but not part of) STURP's investigation of the Shroud.]

face-cloth (see sudarium)

fold marks
forger
forgery
Fourth Crusade
fraud

Frei-Sulzer, Max. Max Frei-Sulzer (1913-83) was an eminent Swiss criminologist, with a doctorate in Botany. Frei was an expert in Mediterranean flora, his doctoral thesis having been on the flora of Sicily. Frei was the founder and for ~24 years from 1948 to his retirement in 1972, Director of the Criminology Department of Switzerland's police. Frei was a pioneer of forensic science, and in particular the use of pollen in proving accused persons at the scene of a crime. This is because pollen grains are microscopic and have a surface structure, size and shape which is unique to the species of plant they come from. Although he was a Protestant with no interest in relics, in 1973 Frei was appointed the Turin Commission on the Shroud to verify the authenticity of photographs of the Shroud submitted to it in 1969. While examining the Shroud, Frei noticed there was dust on its surface. Frei knew that pollen on the Shroud could indicate which geographic region it had been in. Frei had developed the tape uplift method of collecting trace evidence which was a major advance in forensic science and still used today. Frei was permitted to take samples of dust from the Shroud by his sticky tape method for private analysis. The Shroud was hanging vertically so Frei could only take samples from the frontal foot end. Back in Zurich, in the following years, Frei identified a total of 48 different varieties of pollen-grains from the Shroud. In 1978 Frei obtained further dust samples containing pollen from the Shroud. Frei extracted the pollen grains from the sticking-tape, cleaned them, and studied them from all sides under an optical microscope. But Frei had only limited success obtaining pollen-grains or their photographs to compare with the Shroud pollen. So Frei undertook a systematic study of the pollen of plants growing in countries where the Shroud, if it was authentic, might have been. He realised that a positive identification of such pollens would be a confirmation of the Shroud's stay in that particular botanical region. So from 1974 to 1978, Frei undertook seven field trips in different flowering seasons through Palestine, Turkey, Cyprus, France and Italy, for direct comparison under the microscope. Frei was successful in that the number of unidentified pollens steadily diminished. However Frei found that it was necessary to study the tiniest details of pollen structure under s scanning electron microscope (SEM), which he did, with the help of laboratories at Vercelli, Italy and Zurich, Switzerland. Frei's summary of results included his identification of 56 different varieties of pollen on the Shroud, although presumably due to 2 later additions there were 58. These fell into the categories of: A. Desert plants, from sand deserts or halophytes (16 species). The latter grow in soils with a high concentration of salt. These plants grow around the Dead Sea but are completely missing in Italy and France. So "they could not have contaminated the Shroud during the last six centuries of its known history" (my emphasis). B. Plants of rocky hills and stony places (ruins) in Palestine and neighboring countries (7 species). C. Mediterranean plants, which grow in Palestine as well as in France and Italy (16 species). D. Plants from Anatolia, mostly steppic plants (16 [6 unique] species). These grow in the Near East, from Iran to the Eastern Mediterranean. "The contamination of the Shroud with these pollens could not have happened in Europe. They are strong evidence for the Shroud's stay in Edessa as theorised by Ian Wilson and others" (my emphasis). E. Plants growing near. A few plants in groups B, C and D can be found also around Constantinople (today Istanbul). Also one species of pollen on the Shroud, Epimedium pubigerum DC, has a more local distribution around Constantinople (Istanbul) and does not grow in the Near East nor in Western or Middle Europe, but only in Turkey and adjacent Bulgaria. These confirm the Shroud's stay at Constantinople. F. Plants widely distributed in Central Europe or cosmopolitans (12 species). These all grow in France and Italy where the Shroud has been for the last six centuries, and exposed in open public exhibitions. Frei therefore concluded:

"Groups A, B and C of plants on the Shroud from Palestine and Anatolia are so numerous, compared to the species from Europe, that a casual contamination or a pollen-transport from the Near East by storms in different seasons cannot be responsible for their presence, as I have explained in several conferences and publications. The predominance of these pollens must be the result of the Shroud's stay in such countries where these plants form part of the normal vegetation. A transport by migrating birds or a contamination with desert plants by pilgrims can be excluded because they had no possibility of a direct contact with the Shroud. ...."

"So far I have not found any evidence for the Shroud's presence in Cyprus or other regions touched during the transfer from Constantinople to France and Italy."

"The pollen-spectrum as described leaves no room for the hypothesis of a medieval fake painted in France. On the contrary, the pollen-deposits are a most valuable confirmation of the theory that the Shroud traveled from Palestine through Anatolia to Constantinople, France and Italy."

Notes:
1. This page, and each page in my Turin Shroud Dictionary, is copyright. However, permission is granted to quote from one entry at a time within a page (e.g. "Frei-Sulzer, Max," not the whole page "F"), provided a link and/or reference is provided back to the page in this dictionary it came from. [return]
2. Schwortz, B., "The 1978 Scientific Examination," Shroud.com, photograph https://www.shroud.com/78strp6.gif. [return]
3. de Wesselow, T., 2012, "The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection," Viking: London, p.114. [return]

Created: 7 May, 2015. Updated: 24 May, 2015.